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English (India) MFA dictionary v2.2.1#

  • Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner

  • Language: English

  • Dialect: [Indian English](Japanese tokenizer v2_1_0.md)

  • Phone set: MFA

  • Number of words: 74,912

  • Phones: a aj aw aː b bʲ c cʷ dʒ d̪ eː f fʲ h i iː j k kʷ l m mʲ n oː p pʲ pʷ s tʃ t̪ w z ç ŋ ɑ ɑː ɒ ɒː ɔj ɖ ə ɛ ɛː ɜ ɜː ɟ ɟʷ ɡ ɡʷ ɪ ɱ ɲ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʈ ʈʲ ʈʷ ʉ ʉː ʊ ʋ ʎ ʒ ʔ

  • License: CC BY 4.0

  • Compatible MFA version: v2.1.0

  • Citation:

@techreport{mfa_english_india_mfa_dictionary_2023,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={English (India) MFA dictionary v2.2.1},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/English/English (India) MFA dictionary v2_2_1.html}},
	year={2023},
	month={May},
}

G2P models
../../_images/full_logo_yellow.svg

Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary english_india_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the [plain dictionary](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MontrealCorpusTools/mfa-models/main/dictionary/english/mfa/English (India) MFA dictionary v2_2_1.dict).

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of English transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for English, and was used in training the English MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Manner

Labial

Labiodental

Dental

Alveolar

Alveopalatal

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasal
Occurrences:
16,866
Examples:
* metic:
[m ɛ ʈʲ ɪ k]
* wasm:
[ʋ ə z ə m]
* yomps:
[j ɒ m p s]
* imply:
[ɪ m p ʎ aj]
Occurrences:
3,660
Examples:
* minh:
[mʲ ɪ n]
* emirs:
[ɪ mʲ ɪ ə z]
* remit:
[ɹ iː mʲ ɪ ʈ]
* muon:
[mʲ ʉː ɒ n]
Occurrences:
5
Examples:
Occurrences:
34,724
Examples:
* conn:
[k ɒ n]
* then:
[d̪ ɛ n]
* unst:
[ə n s ʈ]
* noah:
[n oː ə]
Occurrences:
6,362
Examples:
* kenny:
[c ɛ ɲ i]
* nizam:
[ɲ ɪ z ɑː m]
* denis:
[ɖ ə ɲ i]
* nikon:
[ɲ ɪ k ɒ n]
Occurrences:
6,205
Examples:
* incur:
[ɪ ŋ ɜː]
* slang:
[s l a ŋ]
* tang:
[ʈ a ŋ]
* bunk:
[b ə ŋ k]

Stop
Occurrences:
16,023
Examples:
* pen:
[p ɛ n]
* pope:
[p oː p]
* bipod:
[b aj p ɒ ɖ]
* pobby:
[p ɒ bʲ i]
Occurrences:
11,095
Examples:
* abord:
[ə b ɒː ɖ]
* bache:
[b eː k]
* quob:
[kʷ ɒ b]
* crib:
[c ɹ ɪ b]
Occurrences:
2,504
Examples:
Occurrences:
658
Examples:
Occurrences:
29,592
Examples:
* alter:
[ɒ l ʈ ə ɾ]
* shute:
[ʃ ʉː ʈ]
* olent:
[oː l ə n ʈ]
* stock:
[s ʈ ɒ k]
Occurrences:
23,532
Examples:
* eld:
[ɛ l ɖ]
* acids:
[a s ɪ ɖ z]
* lazed:
[l eː z ɖ]
* dames:
[ɖ eː m z]
Occurrences:
5,951
Examples:
* keays:
[c iː z]
* skua:
[s c ʉː ə]
* musky:
[m ə s c i]
* aka:
[eː c eː eː]
Occurrences:
1,823
Examples:
* gears:
[ɟ ɪ z]
* grift:
[ɟ ɹ ɪ f ʈ]
* igloo:
[ɪ ɟ ʎ ʉː]
* grit:
[ɟ ɹ ɪ ʈ]
Occurrences:
21,967
Examples:
* exfat:
[ɛ k s f a ʈ]
* jakob:
[dʒ eː k ɒ b]
* ixion:
[ɪ k s aj ə n]
* brake:
[b ɹ eː k]
Occurrences:
6,236
Examples:
* vig:
[ʋ ɪ ɡ]
* stags:
[s ʈ a ɡ z]
* galen:
[ɡ eː l ə n]
* gripe:
[ɡ ɹ aj p]
Occurrences:
312
Examples:
* got:
[ɡ ɒ ʔ]
* fact:
[f a ʔ]
* meat:
[mʲ iː ʔ]
* eat:
[iː ʔ]

Affricate
Occurrences:
3,189
Examples:
* chark:
[tʃ ɑː k]
* chart:
[tʃ ɑː ʈ]
* arch:
[ɑː tʃ]
* chop:
[tʃ ɒ p]
Occurrences:
6,862
Examples:
* jot:
[dʒ ɒ ʈ]
* jami:
[dʒ ɑː mʲ i]
* kinds:
[k aj n dʒ]
* joker:
[dʒ oː k ə ɾ]

Sibilant
Occurrences:
35,100
Examples:
* lotus:
[l oː ʈ ə s]
* asail:
[ə s eː l]
* sagas:
[s a ɡ ə z]
* synth:
[s ɪ n t̪]
Occurrences:
14,261
Examples:
* ziggy:
[z ɪ ɟ i]
* heles:
[ç iː l z]
* mazur:
[m ə z ɜː]
* sails:
[s eː l z]
Occurrences:
6,964
Examples:
* isham:
[ɪ ʃ ə m]
* marsh:
[m aː ʃ]
* shiv:
[ʃ ɪ ʋ]
* rash:
[ɹ a ʃ]
Occurrences:
498
Examples:
* azul:
[a ʒ ɒː l]
* zhuzh:
[ʒ ʊ ʒ]
* gigue:
[ʒ iː ɡ]
* gimel:
[ʒ i m ɛ l]

Fricative
Occurrences:
8,060
Examples:
* floyd:
[f l ɔj ɖ]
* foes:
[f oː z]
* frith:
[f ɹ ɪ t̪]
* firth:
[f ɜː t̪]
Occurrences:
2,352
Examples:
* fixed:
[fʲ ɪ k s]
* phi:
[fʲ iː]
* feuds:
[fʲ ʊ ɖ z]
* feces:
[fʲ iː s iː z]
Occurrences:
991
Examples:
* helix:
[ç iː ʎ ɪ k s]
* hewn:
[ç ʉː n]
* haint:
[ç eː n ʈ]
* hegar:
[ç i ɡ ə]
Occurrences:
3,808
Examples:
* hote:
[h oː ʈ]
* hamri:
[h a m ɹ i]
* honey:
[h ə ɲ i]
* johar:
[dʒ oː h ɑː]

Approximant
Occurrences:
15
Examples:
* padua:
[p a ɖ w ə]
Occurrences:
11,342
Examples:
* aviv:
[a ʋ ɪ ʋ]
* alves:
[a l ʋ ɪ z]
* wiser:
[ʋ aj z ə]
* wfoe:
[ʋ ʊ fʲ iː]
Occurrences:
25,555
Examples:
* rome:
[ɹ ʉ m]
* outro:
[aw ʈ ɹ oː]
* tauri:
[ʈ ɒː ɹ iː]
* riata:
[ɹ ɪ ɑː ʈ ə]
Occurrences:
1,481
Examples:
* users:
[j ʉː dʒ ə dʒ]
* sewed:
[s j ʉː ɖ]
* yakut:
[j ə k ʊ ʈ]
* suzy:
[s j ʉ z i]

Tap
Occurrences:
5,935
Examples:
* ochre:
[oː k ə ɾ]
* truly:
[ʈ ɾ ʉː ʎ i]
* foyer:
[f ɔj ə ɾ]
* racer:
[ɾ eː s ə]

Lateral
Occurrences:
23,772
Examples:
* blabs:
[b l a b z]
* loved:
[l ə ʋ ɖ]
* cruel:
[k ɹ ʉː ə l]
* lowed:
[l oː ɖ]
Occurrences:
8,654
Examples:
* apply:
[a p ə ʎ i]
* list:
[ʎ ɪ s]
* lispy:
[ʎ ɪ s pʲ i]
* sally:
[s a ʎ i]

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

Front

Near-Front

Central

Near-Back

Back

Close
Occurrences:
12,960
Examples:
* ami:
[ɑː mʲ i]
* sufi:
[s ə fʲ i]
* timmy:
[ʈ ɪ mʲ i]
* emory:
[ɛ m ə ɹ i]
Occurrences:
9,450
Examples:
* snp:
[ɛ s ɛ n p iː]
* bees:
[bʲ iː z]
* wurly:
[ʋ ɜː ʎ iː]
* geeky:
[ɟ iː c i]
Occurrences:
849
Examples:
* doeth:
[ɖ ʉ ɪ t̪]
* rumen:
[ɹ ʉ m ə n]
* duet:
[ɖ ʉ ɪ ʔ]
* ueno:
[j ʉ eː ɲ oː]
Occurrences:
6,093
Examples:
* boost:
[b ʉː s ʈ]
* mahur:
[m ə h ʉː]
* puja:
[p ʉː dʒ ə]
* wuxia:
[ʋ ʉː ʃ ɑː]
Occurrences:
46,227
Examples:
* limbs:
[ʎ ɪ m z]
* liber:
[ʎ ɪ b ə]
* spins:
[s p ɪ n z]
* chins:
[tʃ ɪ n z]
Occurrences:
3,101
Examples:
* wolff:
[ʋ ʊ l f]
* wamus:
[ʋ ɑː m ʊ s]
* ruhr:
[ɹ ʊ ə]
* brook:
[b ɹ ʊ k]

Close-Mid
Occurrences:
0
Examples:
Occurrences:
10,912
Examples:
* maser:
[m eː z ə ɾ]
* sail:
[s eː l]
* nadal:
[ɲ eː ɖ ə l]
* bait:
[b eː ʈ]
Occurrences:
0
Examples:
Occurrences:
10,082
Examples:
* cairo:
[k aj ɹ oː]
* goat:
[ɡ oː ʈ]
* iolo:
[j ɒ l oː]
* johar:
[dʒ oː h ɑː]
Occurrences:
65,948
Examples:
* abdul:
[a b ɖ ə l]
* genoa:
[dʒ ɛ n oː ə]
* varus:
[ʋ ɛ ɹ ə s]
* babul:
[b ə b ʉː l]

Open-Mid
Occurrences:
16,525
Examples:
* tells:
[ʈ ɛ l z]
* npd:
[ɛ n p iː ɖ iː]
* jed:
[dʒ ɛ ɖ]
* many:
[m ɛ ɲ i]
Occurrences:
1,133
Examples:
* faroe:
[f ɛː ɹ oː]
* ares:
[ɛː z]
* vary:
[ʋ ɛː ɾ i]
* dairy:
[ɖ ɛː ɹ i]
Occurrences:
192
Examples:
* murr:
[m ɜ]
* ubert:
[j ʉ b ɜ ʈ]
* myrrh:
[m ɜ]
* blur:
[b l ɜ]
Occurrences:
3,357
Examples:
* earl:
[ɜː l]
* third:
[t̪ ɜː ɖ]
* burr:
[b ɜː]
* virgo:
[ʋ ɜː ɡ oː]

Open
Occurrences:
15,448
Examples:
* off:
[a f]
* anwar:
[a n ʋ ə]
* anson:
[a n s ə n]
* coady:
[k oː a ɖ i]
Occurrences:
1,083
Examples:
* bali:
[b aː ʎ i]
* baden:
[b aː ɖ ə n]
* often:
[aː f ʈ ə n]
* argue:
[aː ɟ ʉː]
Occurrences:
736
Examples:
* tarre:
[ʈ ɑ]
* napa:
[ɲ a p ɑ]
* morna:
[m oː n ɑ]
* malak:
[m ɑ l a k]
Occurrences:
5,654
Examples:
* fargo:
[f ɑː ɡ oː]
* aga:
[ɑː ɡ ə]
* mare:
[m ɑː ɹ i]
* mark:
[m ɑː k]
Occurrences:
10,626
Examples:
* golgi:
[ɡ ɒ l dʒ iː]
* homme:
[ɒ m]
* polly:
[p ɒ ʎ i]
* rosin:
[ɹ ɒ z ə n]
Occurrences:
5,159
Examples:
* skald:
[s k ɒː l ɖ]
* dawn:
[ɖ ɒː n]
* pure:
[pʲ ɒː]
* arlon:
[ɑ l ɒː n]

Diphthongs#

  • aj

  • aw

  • ɔj

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