Vietnamese MFA dictionary v3.0.0#
@techreport{mfa_vietnamese_mfa_dictionary_2024,
author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
title={Vietnamese MFA dictionary v3.0.0},
address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Vietnamese/Vietnamese MFA dictionary v3_0_0.html}},
year={2024},
month={Mar},
}
Acoustic models |
 |
Installation#
Install from the MFA command line:
mfa model download dictionary vietnamese_mfa
Or download from the release page.
The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the [plain dictionary](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MontrealCorpusTools/mfa-models/main/dictionary/vietnamese/mfa/Vietnamese MFA dictionary v3_0_0.dict).
Intended use#
This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Vietnamese transcripts.
This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Vietnamese, and was used in training the Vietnamese MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.
Performance Factors#
When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.
Ethical considerations#
Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.
Demographic Bias#
You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.
IPA Charts#
Consonants#
Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.
Manner |
Labial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal |
Occurrences: 395 Examples: * mày: [m a˨˨ j] * đẫm: [ɗ ə˨˩˦ m] * cảm: [k aː˨˩˦ m] * thầm: [tʰ ə˨˩ m] |
Occurrences: 485 Examples: * ghen: [ɣ ɛː˨˨ n] * trần: [tɕ ə˨˨ n] * chăn: [tɕ a˨˨ n] * đen: [ɗ ɛː˨˨ n] |
Occurrences: 169 Examples: * nhấp: [ɲ ə˦˥ p̚] * nhè: [ɲ ɛː˨˩] * thanh: [tʰ a˨˨ ɲ] * sánh: [s a˨˦ ɲ] |
Occurrences: 672 Examples: * vâng: [v ə˨˨ ŋ] * luận: [l w ə˨˩˨ ŋ] * dần: [j ə˨˩ ŋ] * những: [ɲ ɨ˨˩˦ ŋ] |
|||
Stop Plain |
Occurrences: 0 Examples: |
Occurrences: 235 Examples: * tốt: [t o˦˥ k̚] * tài: [t aː˨˩ j] * tựa: [t ɨə˨˩˨] * tụng: [t u˨˩˨ ŋm] |
Occurrences: 60 Examples: * trông: [ʈ ɔ˨˨ ŋm] * trâu: [ʈ ə˨˨ w] * trúng: [ʈ u˦˥ ŋm] * trách: [ʈ a˦˥] |
Occurrences: 127 Examples: * chép: [c ɛː˦˥ p̚] * chân: [c ə˨˨ ŋ] * chụp: [c ɨ˨˩˨ p̚] * chất: [c ə˦˥] |
Occurrences: 255 Examples: * cán: [k aː˦˥ ŋ] * kia: [k iə˨˨] * cuống: [k uə˨˦ ŋ] * cầu: [k ə˨˨ w] Occurrences: 46 Examples: * gáp: [ɡ aː˦˥ p̚] * gọi: [ɡ ɔː˨˩˨ j] * gói: [ɡ ɔː˦˥ j] * ghi: [ɡ i˨˨] |
Occurrences: 137 Examples: * yêu: [ʔ iə˨˨ w] * ánh: [ʔ a˨˦ ɲ] * ửng: [ʔ ɨ˨˩˨ ŋ] * úng: [ʔ u˨˦ ŋm] |
|
Aspirated |
Occurrences: 199 Examples: * thác: [tʰ aː˦˥] * thực: [tʰ ɨ˨˩ k̚] * thiếu: [tʰ iə˨˦ w] * thề: [tʰ eː˨˩] |
||||||
Implosive |
Occurrences: 196 Examples: * bắt: [ɓ a˦˥ k̚] * bánh: [ɓ a˦˥ n] * bày: [ɓ a˨˨ j] * bốn: [ɓ o˦˥ ŋ] |
Occurrences: 245 Examples: * địa: [ɗ iə˨˩˨] * được: [ɗ ɨː˨˩˨] * đám: [ɗ aː˨˦ m] * điều: [ɗ iː˨˩ w] |
|||||
Unreleased |
Occurrences: 97 Examples: * đáp: [ɗ aː˦˥ p̚] * rợp: [z əː˨˩ p̚] * bộp: [ɓ oː˨˩˨ p̚] * rớp: [r əː˦˥ p̚] |
Occurrences: 174 Examples: * quét: [k w ɛː˦˥ t̚] * bớt: [ɓ əː˦˥ t̚] * sát: [s aː˦˥ t̚] * hắt: [h a˦˥ t̚] |
Occurrences: 210 Examples: * bác: [ɓ aː˦˥ k̚] * bước: [ɓ ɨː˦˥ k̚] * thót: [tʰ ɔː˦˥ k̚] * rắc: [z a˦˥ k̚] |
||||
Affricate |
Occurrences: 170 Examples: * trạng: [tɕ aː˨˩ˀ ŋ] * trinh: [tɕ i˨˨ ɲ] * chép: [tɕ ɛː˦˥] * trang: [tɕ aː˨˨ ŋ] |
||||||
Sibilant |
Occurrences: 198 Examples: * sáo: [s aː˦˥ w] * suy: [s w i˨˨] * sùng: [s u˨˩ ŋm] * xoài: [s w aː˨˨ j] Occurrences: 182 Examples: * rên: [z eː˨˨ n] * dạy: [z a˨˩ˀ j] * giữ: [z ɨː˨ˀ˥] * giọng: [z ɔ˨˩ˀ ŋm] |
||||||
Fricative |
Occurrences: 69 Examples: * phím: [f iː˨˦ m] * phần: [f ə˨˩ ŋ] * phết: [f eː˦˥ t̚] * pháp: [f aː˦˥] Occurrences: 156 Examples: * việc: [v iː˨˩˨ k̚] * việt: [v iː˨˩˨] * vần: [v ə˨˨ n] * vất: [v ə˦˥ k̚] |
Occurrences: 189 Examples: * hét: [h ɛː˦˥] * hợp: [h əː˨˩˨] * hoàn: [h w aː˨˨ n] * hứa: [h ɨə˨˦] |
|||||
Approximant |
Occurrences: 465 Examples: * đảo: [ɗ aː˨˩˦ w] * xiêu: [s iə˨˨ w] * oan: [w aː˨˨ n] * hoặc: [h w a˨˩ k̚] |
Occurrences: 541 Examples: * danh: [j a˨˨ n] * dựng: [j ɨ˨˩˨ ŋ] * tài: [t aː˨˩ j] * đày: [ɗ a˨˨ j] |
|||||
Trill |
Occurrences: 64 Examples: * rối: [r oː˦˥ j] * răng: [r a˨˨ ŋ] * reo: [r ɛː˨˨ w] * rượu: [r ɨː˨˩˨ w] |
||||||
Lateral |
Occurrences: 217 Examples: * lên: [l eː˨˨ n] * leo: [l ɛː˨˨ w] * lim: [l i˨˨ m] * lỗi: [l oː˨ˀ˥ j] |
Vowels#
Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.
Front |
Near-Front |
Central |
Near-Back |
Back |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close |
Occurrences: 123 Examples: * kính: [k i˨˦ ɲ] * lim: [l i˨˨ m] * trĩu: [ʈ i˨˩˦ w] * nhịp: [ɲ i˨˩˨] Occurrences: 236 Examples: * trĩu: [tɕ iː˨ˀ˥ w] * dịu: [z iː˨˩ˀ w] * rít: [z iː˦˥] * việc: [v iː˨˩˨] |
Occurrences: 181 Examples: * sững: [s ɨ˨ˀ˥ ŋ] * xứng: [s ɨ˨˦ ŋ] * binh: [ɓ ɨ˨˨ n] * rừng: [z ɨ˨˨ ŋ] Occurrences: 88 Examples: * mười: [m ɨː˨˩ j] * thứ: [tʰ ɨː˨˦] * bước: [ɓ ɨː˦˥ k̚] * trước: [ʈ ɨː˦˥] |
Occurrences: 153 Examples: * dùng: [j u˨˩ ŋm] * tụng: [t u˨˩ˀ ŋm] * lục: [l u˨˩˨ kp] * phục: [f u˨˩ kp] Occurrences: 113 Examples: * thụ: [tʰ uː˨˩ˀ] * bụi: [ɓ uː˨˩ˀ j] * cuồng: [k uː˨˩ ŋ] * tuổi: [t uː˨˩˦ j] |
||
Close-Mid |
Occurrences: 5 Examples: * ghềnh: [ɣ e˨˨ ɲ] * mệnh: [m e˨˩ˀ ɲ] * bệnh: [ɓ e˨˩ˀ ɲ] * mênh: [m e˨˨ ɲ] Occurrences: 91 Examples: * thể: [tʰ eː˨˩˨] * dệt: [z eː˨˩] * nếu: [n eː˨˦ w] * kêu: [k eː˨˨ w] |
Occurrences: 85 Examples: * gốc: [ɣ o˦˥ kp] * rộn: [r o˨˩˨ ŋ] * đông: [ɗ o˨˨ ŋm] * hồn: [h o˨˩ ŋ] Occurrences: 189 Examples: * ngồi: [ŋ oː˨˩ j] * hồn: [h oː˨˨ n] * lối: [l oː˦˥ j] * trộm: [tɕ oː˨˩ˀ m] |
|||
Occurrences: 371 Examples: * cậu: [k ə˨˩ˀ w] * phẩm: [f ə˨˩˨ m] * dẫm: [j ə˨˩˦ m] * vậy: [v ə˨˩ˀ j] Occurrences: 225 Examples: * mời: [m əː˨˨ j] * sớm: [s əː˨˦ m] * hớn: [h əː˨˦ n] * xởi: [s əː˨˩˦ j] |
|||||
Open-Mid |
Occurrences: 0 Examples: Occurrences: 150 Examples: * quét: [k w ɛː˦˥] * nhẹ: [ɲ ɛː˨˩˨] * nghe: [ŋ ɛː˨˨] * héo: [h ɛː˨˦ w] |
Occurrences: 117 Examples: * trồng: [ʈ ɔ˨˩ ŋm] * lộng: [l ɔ˨˩˨ ŋm] * bỏng: [ɓ ɔ˨˩˨ ŋm] * chóng: [tɕ ɔ˨˦ ŋm] Occurrences: 163 Examples: * đòi: [ɗ ɔː˨˨ j] * xóm: [s ɔː˨˦ m] * còn: [k ɔː˨˩ ŋ] * chọn: [c ɔː˨˩˨ ŋ] |
|||
Open |
Occurrences: 372 Examples: * ảnh: [a˨˩˦ n] * đành: [ɗ a˨˩ n] * giăng: [z a˨˨ ŋ] * nhảy: [ɲ a˨˩˦ j] Occurrences: 645 Examples: * rác: [r aː˦˥] * dám: [z aː˨˦ m] * phá: [f aː˦˥] * quạt: [k w aː˨˩] |
Diphthongs#
iə
uə
ɨə
Tones#
˦˥
˨ˀ˥
˨˦
˨˨
˨˩
˨˩ˀ
˨˩˦
˨˩˨