Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA dictionary v2.0.0a#

Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner
Language: Vietnamese
Dialect: N/A
Phone set: MFA
Number of words: 4,810
Phones: aː˦˥ aː˨ˀ˥ aː˨˦ aː˨˨ aː˨˩ aː˨˩ˀ aː˨˩˨ a˦˥ a˨ˀ˥ a˨˦ a˨˨ a˨˩ a˨˩ˀ a˨˩˨ c eː˦˥ eː˨ˀ˥ eː˨˦ eː˨˨ eː˨˩ eː˨˩ˀ eː˨˩˨ e˦˥ e˨ˀ˥ e˨˨ e˨˩ e˨˩ˀ e˨˩˨ f h iə˦˥ iə˨ˀ˥ iə˨˦ iə˨˨ iə˨˩ iə˨˩ˀ iə˨˩˨ iː˦˥ iː˨ˀ˥ iː˨˦ iː˨˨ iː˨˩ iː˨˩ˀ iː˨˩˨ i˦˥ i˨ˀ˥ i˨˦ i˨˨ i˨˩ i˨˩ˀ i˨˩˨ j k kp l m n oː˦˥ oː˨ˀ˥ oː˨˦ oː˨˨ oː˨˩ oː˨˩ˀ oː˨˩˨ o˦˥ o˨ˀ˥ o˨˦ o˨˨ o˨˩ o˨˩ˀ o˨˩˨ p s t tɕ tʰ uə˦˥ uə˨ˀ˥ uə˨˦ uə˨˨ uə˨˩ uə˨˩ˀ uə˨˩˨ uː˦˥ uː˨ˀ˥ uː˨˦ uː˨˨ uː˨˩ uː˨˩ˀ uː˨˩˨ u˦˥ u˨ˀ˥ u˨˦ u˨˨ u˨˩ u˨˩ˀ u˨˩˨ v w x z ŋ ŋm ɓ ɔː˦˥ ɔː˨ˀ˥ ɔː˨˦ ɔː˨˨ ɔː˨˩ ɔː˨˩ˀ ɔː˨˩˨ ɔ˦˥ ɔ˨ˀ˥ ɔ˨˦ ɔ˨˨ ɔ˨˩ ɔ˨˩ˀ ɔ˨˩˨ ɗ əː˦˥ əː˨ˀ˥ əː˨˦ əː˨˨ əː˨˩ əː˨˩ˀ əː˨˩˨ ə˦˥ ə˨ˀ˥ ə˨˦ ə˨˨ ə˨˩ ə˨˩ˀ ə˨˩˨ ɛː˦˥ ɛː˨ˀ˥ ɛː˨˦ ɛː˨˨ ɛː˨˩ ɛː˨˩ˀ ɛː˨˩˨ ɣ ɨə˦˥ ɨə˨ˀ˥ ɨə˨˦ ɨə˨˨ ɨə˨˩ ɨə˨˩ˀ ɨə˨˩˨ ɨː˨ˀ˥ ɨː˨˦ ɨː˨˨ ɨː˨˩ˀ ɨː˨˩˨ ɨ˦˥ ɨ˨ˀ˥ ɨ˨˦ ɨ˨˨ ɨ˨˩ ɨ˨˩ˀ ɨ˨˩˨ ɲ ʔ
License: CC BY 4.0
Compatible MFA version: v2.0.0
Citation:

@techreport{mfa_vietnamese_hanoi_mfa_dictionary_2022,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA dictionary v2.0.0a},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Vietnamese/Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA dictionary v2_0_0a.html}},
	year={2022},
	month={May},
}

If you have comments or questions about this dictionary or its phone set, you can check previous MFA model discussion posts or create a new one.

G2P models

Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA G2P model v2.0.0a

Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary vietnamese_hanoi_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the plain dictionary.

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Vietnamese transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Vietnamese, and was used in training the Vietnamese MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

Diphthongs#

iə
uə
ɨə

Tones#

˦˥
˨ˀ˥
˨˦
˨˨
˨˩
˨˩ˀ
˨˩˨

Manner	Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m Occurrences: 680 Examples: * diễm: [z i ə ˨ ˀ ˥ m] * kong: [k ɔ ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * hong: [h ɔ ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * nhúm: [ɲ u ː ˨ ˦ m]		n Occurrences: 894 Examples: * nhấn: [ɲ ə ˨ ˦ n] * nĩa: [n i ə ˨ ˀ ˥] * uyển: [w i ə ˨ ˩ ˨ n] * bón: [ɓ ɔ ː ˨ ˦ n]	ɲ Occurrences: 372 Examples: * lính: [l i ˨ ˦ ɲ] * nhắt: [ɲ a ˦ ˥ t ̚] * nhòm: [ɲ ɔ ː ˨ ˨ m] * sinh: [s i ˨ ˨ ɲ]	ŋ Occurrences: 593 Examples: * dùng: [z u ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * xông: [s o ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * cáng: [k a ː ˨ ˦ ŋ] * từng: [t ɨ ˨ ˨ ŋ]
Stop Plain	p Occurrences: 11 Examples: * xốc: [s o ˦ ˥ k p] * nhấp: [ɲ ə ˦ ˥ p ̚] * rộp: [z o ː ˨ ˩ p ̚] * hớp: [h ə ː ˦ ˥ p ̚]		t Occurrences: 280 Examples: * trù: [t ɕ u ː ˨ ˨] * tốt: [t o ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * tiêu: [t i ə ˨ ˨ w] * thái: [t ʰ a ː ˨ ˦ j]	c Occurrences: 87 Examples: * ịch: [ʔ i ˨ ˩ c] * địch: [ɗ i ˨ ˩ c] * tích: [t i ˦ ˥ c] * tếch: [t e ˦ ˥ c]	k Occurrences: 381 Examples: * xốc: [s o ˦ ˥ k p] * phúc: [f u ˦ ˥ k p] * quán: [k w a ː ˨ ˦ n] * thực: [t ʰ ɨ ˨ ˩ k ̚]	ʔ Occurrences: 199 Examples: * ủng: [ʔ u ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ m] * uông: [ʔ u ə ˨ ˨ ŋ] * uống: [ʔ u ə ˨ ˦ ŋ] * ắng: [ʔ a ˨ ˦ ŋ]
Implosive	ɓ Occurrences: 278 Examples: * bụt: [ɓ u ː ˨ ˩ t ̚] * béo: [ɓ ɛ ː ˨ ˦ w] * bẽn: [ɓ ɛ ː ˨ ˀ ˥ n] * bình: [ɓ i ˨ ˨ ɲ]		ɗ Occurrences: 261 Examples: * điên: [ɗ i ə ˨ ˨ n] * đưa: [ɗ ɨ ə ˨ ˨] * đậm: [ɗ ə ˨ ˩ ˀ m] * đẳng: [ɗ a ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ]
Affricate				tɕ Occurrences: 409 Examples: * trĩu: [t ɕ i ː ˨ ˀ ˥ w] * chiếu: [t ɕ i ə ˨ ˦ w] * chung: [t ɕ u ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * chồn: [t ɕ o ː ˨ ˨ n]
Sibilant			s Occurrences: 359 Examples: * sáng: [s a ː ˨ ˦ ŋ] * xuôi: [s u ə ˨ ˨ j] * xẩy: [s ə ˨ ˩ ˨ j] * soạng: [s w a ː ˨ ˩ ˀ ŋ] z Occurrences: 522 Examples: * dặt: [z a ˨ ˩ t ̚] * giập: [z ə ˨ ˩ p ̚] * rọi: [z ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˀ j] * rứt: [z ɨ ˦ ˥ t ̚]
Fricative		f Occurrences: 128 Examples: * phễu: [f e ː ˨ ˀ ˥ w] * phên: [f e ː ˨ ˨ n] * phịch: [f i ˨ ˩ c] * phim: [f i ː ˨ ˨ m] v Occurrences: 194 Examples: * víu: [v i ː ˨ ˦ w] * vắng: [v a ˨ ˦ ŋ] * vẫy: [v ə ˨ ˀ ˥ j] * vài: [v a ː ˨ ˨ j]				h Occurrences: 275 Examples: * hửi: [h ɨ ˨ ˩ ˨ j] * hoại: [h w a ː ˨ ˩ ˀ j] * hâm: [h ə ˨ ˨ m] * hang: [h a ː ˨ ˨ ŋ]
Approximant	w Occurrences: 808 Examples: * luyến: [l w i ə ˨ ˦ n] * khoác: [x w a ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] * tao: [t a ː ˨ ˨ w] * quặm: [k w a ˨ ˩ ˀ m]			j Occurrences: 621 Examples: * môi: [m o ː ˨ ˨ j] * thùy: [t ʰ u ː ˨ ˨ j] * lưới: [l ɨ ə ˨ ˦ j] * thời: [t ʰ ə ː ˨ ˨ j]
Lateral			l Occurrences: 307 Examples: * lạp: [l a ː ˨ ˩ p ̚] * lương: [l ɨ ə ˨ ˨ ŋ] * lành: [l a ˨ ˨ ɲ] * lòng: [l ɔ ˨ ˨ ŋ m]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i Occurrences: 107 Examples: * trịnh: [t ɕ i ˨ ˩ ˀ ɲ] * tịnh: [t i ˨ ˩ ˀ ɲ] * dính: [z i ˨ ˦ ɲ] * dìu: [z i ː ˨ ˨ w] iː Occurrences: 292 Examples: * xuýt: [s w i ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * mịn: [m i ː ˨ ˩ ˀ n] * nhĩ: [ɲ i ː ˨ ˀ ˥] * típ: [t i ː ˦ ˥ p ̚]	ɨ Occurrences: 122 Examples: * chưng: [t ɕ ɨ ˨ ˨ ŋ] * bừng: [ɓ ɨ ˨ ˨ ŋ] * tưng: [t ɨ ˨ ˨ ŋ] * tửu: [t ɨ ˨ ˩ ˨ w] ɨː Occurrences: 59 Examples: * khứ: [x ɨ ː ˨ ˦] * nhừ: [ɲ ɨ ː ˨ ˨] * chừ: [t ɕ ɨ ː ˨ ˨] * chử: [t ɕ ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ˨]	u Occurrences: 110 Examples: * chung: [t ɕ u ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * khủng: [x u ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ m] * giụi: [z u ː ˨ ˩ ˀ j] * bục: [ɓ u ˨ ˩ k p] uː Occurrences: 282 Examples: * ngủm: [ŋ u ː ˨ ˩ ˨ m] * ngù: [ŋ u ː ˨ ˨] * mũi: [m u ː ˨ ˀ ˥ j] * trụi: [t ɕ u ː ˨ ˩ ˀ j]

Close-Mid	e Occurrences: 39 Examples: * bệch: [ɓ e ˨ ˩ c] * lềnh: [l e ˨ ˨ ɲ] * kếch: [k e ˦ ˥ c] * lênh: [l e ˨ ˨ ɲ] eː Occurrences: 187 Examples: * hển: [h e ː ˨ ˩ ˨ n] * nhể: [ɲ e ː ˨ ˩ ˨] * rền: [z e ː ˨ ˨ n] * bện: [ɓ e ː ˨ ˩ ˀ n]		o Occurrences: 103 Examples: * bỗng: [ɓ o ˨ ˀ ˥ ŋ m] * khổng: [x o ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ m] * hông: [h o ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * khống: [x o ˨ ˦ ŋ m] oː Occurrences: 275 Examples: * thốt: [t ʰ o ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * chồm: [t ɕ o ː ˨ ˨ m] * trôi: [t ɕ o ː ˨ ˨ j] * xốt: [s o ː ˦ ˥ t ̚]
		ə Occurrences: 449 Examples: * lữa: [l ɨ ə ˨ ˀ ˥] * sườn: [s ɨ ə ˨ ˨ n] * ghiếc: [ɣ i ə ˦ ˥ k ̚] * xía: [s i ə ˨ ˦] əː Occurrences: 256 Examples: * mời: [m ə ː ˨ ˨ j] * dớp: [z ə ː ˦ ˥ p ̚] * ngỡ: [ŋ ə ː ˨ ˀ ˥] * bớp: [ɓ ə ː ˦ ˥ p ̚]
Open-Mid	ɛ Occurrences: 0 Examples: * dẻo: [z ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ w] * nhẽ: [ɲ ɛ ː ˨ ˀ ˥] * vẹn: [v ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˀ n] * gié: [z ɛ ː ˨ ˦] ɛː Occurrences: 328 Examples: * khét: [x ɛ ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * xoè: [s w ɛ ː ˨ ˨] * chẻ: [t ɕ ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˨] * tẹt: [t ɛ ː ˨ ˩ t ̚]		ɔ Occurrences: 113 Examples: * gọng: [ɣ ɔ ˨ ˩ ˀ ŋ m] * đỏng: [ɗ ɔ ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ m] * hỏng: [h ɔ ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ m] * võng: [v ɔ ˨ ˀ ˥ ŋ m] ɔː Occurrences: 283 Examples: * hói: [h ɔ ː ˨ ˦ j] * thỏm: [t ʰ ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ m] * tót: [t ɔ ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * soọc: [s ɔ ː ˨ ˩ k ̚]

Open		a Occurrences: 503 Examples: * trách: [t ɕ a ˦ ˥ c] * ảnh: [ʔ a ˨ ˩ ˨ ɲ] * quanh: [k w a ˨ ˨ ɲ] * quánh: [k w a ˨ ˦ ɲ] aː Occurrences: 806 Examples: * hão: [h a ː ˨ ˀ ˥ w] * trả: [t ɕ a ː ˨ ˩ ˨] * hoàng: [h w a ː ˨ ˨ ŋ] * quả: [k w a ː ˨ ˩ ˨]