Vietnamese (Ho Chi Minh City) MFA dictionary v2.0.0a#

Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner
Language: Vietnamese
Dialect: N/A
Phone set: MFA
Number of words: 4,810
Phones: aː˦˥ aː˨˨ aː˨˩ aː˨˩˦ aː˨˩˨ a˦˥ a˨˨ a˨˩ a˨˩˦ a˨˩˨ c eː˦˥ eː˨˨ eː˨˩ eː˨˩˦ eː˨˩˨ f h iə˦˥ iə˨˨ iə˨˩ iə˨˩˦ iə˨˩˨ iː˦˥ iː˨˨ iː˨˩ iː˨˩˦ iː˨˩˨ i˦˥ i˨˨ i˨˩ i˨˩˦ i˨˩˨ j k kp l m n oː˦˥ oː˨˨ oː˨˩ oː˨˩˦ oː˨˩˨ o˦˥ o˨˨ o˨˩ o˨˩˦ o˨˩˨ p r s t tʰ uə˦˥ uə˨˨ uə˨˩ uə˨˩˦ uə˨˩˨ uː˦˥ uː˨˨ uː˨˩ uː˨˩˦ uː˨˩˨ u˦˥ u˨˨ u˨˩ u˨˩˦ u˨˩˨ v w x ŋ ŋm ɓ ɔː˦˥ ɔː˨˨ ɔː˨˩ ɔː˨˩˦ ɔː˨˩˨ ɔ˦˥ ɔ˨˨ ɔ˨˩ ɔ˨˩˦ ɔ˨˩˨ ɗ əː˦˥ əː˨˨ əː˨˩ əː˨˩˦ əː˨˩˨ ə˦˥ ə˨˨ ə˨˩ ə˨˩˦ ə˨˩˨ ɛː˦˥ ɛː˨˨ ɛː˨˩ ɛː˨˩˦ ɛː˨˩˨ ɡ ɨə˦˥ ɨə˨˨ ɨə˨˩ ɨə˨˩˦ ɨə˨˩˨ ɨː˦˥ ɨː˨˨ ɨː˨˩ ɨː˨˩˦ ɨː˨˩˨ ɨ˦˥ ɨ˨˨ ɨ˨˩ ɨ˨˩˦ ɨ˨˩˨ ɲ ʈ ʔ
License: CC BY 4.0
Compatible MFA version: v2.0.0
Citation:

@techreport{mfa_vietnamese_ho_chi_minh_city_mfa_dictionary_2022,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={Vietnamese (Ho Chi Minh City) MFA dictionary v2.0.0a},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Vietnamese/Vietnamese (Ho Chi Minh City) MFA dictionary v2_0_0a.html}},
	year={2022},
	month={May},
}

If you have comments or questions about this dictionary or its phone set, you can check previous MFA model discussion posts or create a new one.

G2P models

Vietnamese (Ho Chi Minh City) MFA G2P model v2.0.0a

Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary vietnamese_ho_chi_minh_city_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the plain dictionary.

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Vietnamese transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Vietnamese, and was used in training the Vietnamese MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

Diphthongs#

iə
uə
ɨə

Tones#

˦˥
˨˨
˨˩
˨˩˦
˨˩˨

Manner	Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m Occurrences: 680 Examples: * nếm: [n e ː ˦ ˥ m] * dậm: [j ə ˨ ˩ ˨ m] * nhấm: [ɲ ə ˦ ˥ m] * mồi: [m o ː ˨ ˩ j]		n Occurrences: 434 Examples: * huynh: [h w ɨ ˨ ˨ n] * lành: [l a ˨ ˩ n] * náu: [n a ˦ ˥ w] * sánh: [s a ˦ ˥ n]		ɲ Occurrences: 193 Examples: * nhoi: [ɲ ɔ ː ˨ ˨ j] * nhe: [ɲ ɛ ː ˨ ˨] * nhàm: [ɲ a ː ˨ ˩ m] * nhoét: [ɲ w ɛ ː ˦ ˥ k ̚]	ŋ Occurrences: 1,194 Examples: * dán: [j a ː ˦ ˥ ŋ] * béng: [ɓ ɛ ː ˦ ˥ ŋ] * then: [t ʰ ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ŋ] * bưng: [ɓ ɨ ˨ ˨ ŋ]
Stop Plain	p Occurrences: 11 Examples: * khiếp: [x i ː ˦ ˥ p ̚] * bíp: [ɓ i ˦ ˥ p ̚] * sóc: [s ɔ ˦ ˥ k p] * sọc: [s ɔ ˨ ˩ ˨ k p]		t Occurrences: 280 Examples: * tuỳ: [t w i ˨ ˩] * tường: [t ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ŋ] * tập: [t ə ˨ ˩ ˨ p ̚] * thưa: [t ʰ ɨ ə ˨ ˨]	ʈ Occurrences: 170 Examples: * trân: [ʈ ə ˨ ˨ ŋ] * trồi: [ʈ o ː ˨ ˩ j] * trống: [ʈ ɔ ˦ ˥ ŋ m] * trạc: [ʈ a ː ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚]	c Occurrences: 239 Examples: * chảy: [c a ˨ ˩ ˦ j] * chịch: [c ɨ ˨ ˩ ˨ t ̚] * chằm: [c a ˨ ˩ m] * chĩa: [c i ə ˨ ˩ ˦]	k Occurrences: 292 Examples: * triết: [ʈ i ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] * cọp: [k ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ p ̚] * gấc: [ɡ ə ˦ ˥ k ̚] * liếc: [l i ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] ɡ Occurrences: 136 Examples: * gũi: [ɡ u ˨ ˩ ˦ j] * gập: [ɡ ə ˨ ˩ ˨ p ̚] * gắn: [ɡ a ˦ ˥ ŋ] * ghim: [ɡ i ˨ ˨ m]	ʔ Occurrences: 199 Examples: * ang: [ʔ a ː ˨ ˨ ŋ] * yết: [ʔ i ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] * ảnh: [ʔ a ˨ ˩ ˦ n] * ống: [ʔ ɔ ˦ ˥ ŋ m]
Implosive	ɓ Occurrences: 278 Examples: * búi: [ɓ u ˦ ˥ j] * bồi: [ɓ o ː ˨ ˩ j] * báu: [ɓ a ˦ ˥ w] * binh: [ɓ ɨ ˨ ˨ n]		ɗ Occurrences: 261 Examples: * đuổi: [ɗ u ː ˨ ˩ ˦ j] * đảnh: [ɗ a ˨ ˩ ˦ n] * đốn: [ɗ o ˦ ˥ ŋ] * đùn: [ɗ u ˨ ˩ ŋ m]
Sibilant			s Occurrences: 359 Examples: * xốc: [s ɔ ˦ ˥ k p] * sim: [s i ˨ ˨ m] * síp: [s i ˦ ˥ p ̚] * xăng: [s a ˨ ˨ ŋ]
Fricative		f Occurrences: 128 Examples: * phòi: [f ɔ ː ˨ ˩ j] * phết: [f ə ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * phếch: [f ə ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * phi: [f i ˨ ˨] v Occurrences: 194 Examples: * vảng: [v a ː ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * việc: [v i ː ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚] * ván: [v a ː ˦ ˥ ŋ] * vận: [v ə ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ]					h Occurrences: 275 Examples: * hoảng: [h w a ː ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * hoải: [h w a ː ˨ ˩ ˦ j] * hút: [h u ˦ ˥ k p] * hững: [h ɨ ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ]
Approximant	w Occurrences: 808 Examples: * xuân: [s w ə ˨ ˨ ŋ] * loán: [l w a ː ˦ ˥ ŋ] * quầng: [w ə ˨ ˩ ŋ] * loẹt: [l w ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚]				j Occurrences: 931 Examples: * vời: [v ə ː ˨ ˩ j] * trai: [ʈ a ː ˨ ˨ j] * thày: [t ʰ a ˨ ˩ j] * giạng: [j a ː ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ]
Trill			r Occurrences: 212 Examples: * rụt: [r u ˨ ˩ ˨ k p] * rách: [r a ˦ ˥ t ̚] * rạng: [r a ː ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ] * rắm: [r a ˦ ˥ m]
Lateral			l Occurrences: 307 Examples: * luồn: [l u ː ˨ ˩ ŋ] * láo: [l a ː ˦ ˥ w] * lam: [l a ː ˨ ˨ m] * lài: [l a ː ˨ ˩ j]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i Occurrences: 231 Examples: * líu: [l i ˦ ˥ w] * nhuỵ: [ɲ w i ˨ ˩ ˨] * mím: [m i ˦ ˥ m] * nhị: [ɲ i ˨ ˩ ˨] iː Occurrences: 285 Examples: * triện: [ʈ i ː ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ] * liên: [l i ː ˨ ˨ ŋ] * điểm: [ɗ i ː ˨ ˩ ˦ m] * giếng: [j i ː ˦ ˥ ŋ]	ɨ Occurrences: 398 Examples: * nứng: [n ɨ ˦ ˥ ŋ] * lưng: [l ɨ ˨ ˨ ŋ] * thự: [t ʰ ɨ ˨ ˩ ˨] * chửi: [c ɨ ˨ ˩ ˦ j] ɨː Occurrences: 163 Examples: * rượi: [r ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ j] * mương: [m ɨ ː ˨ ˨ ŋ] * cược: [k ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚] * rượt: [r ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚]	u Occurrences: 343 Examples: * tru: [ʈ u ˨ ˨] * thụt: [t ʰ u ˨ ˩ ˨ k p] * xúc: [s u ˦ ˥ k p] * dụt: [j u ˨ ˩ ˨ k p] uː Occurrences: 102 Examples: * muộn: [m u ː ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ] * buổi: [ɓ u ː ˨ ˩ ˦ j] * buộc: [ɓ u ː ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚] * khuôn: [x u ː ˨ ˨ ŋ]

Close-Mid	e Occurrences: 0 Examples: * khế: [x e ː ˦ ˥] * nghê: [ŋ e ː ˨ ˨] * nếu: [n e ː ˦ ˥ w] * lêu: [l e ː ˨ ˨ w] eː Occurrences: 134 Examples: * tuệ: [t w e ː ˨ ˩ ˨] * têm: [t e ː ˨ ˨ m] * nhễ: [ɲ e ː ˨ ˩ ˦] * rệp: [r e ː ˨ ˩ ˨ p ̚]		o Occurrences: 76 Examples: * hỗn: [h o ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * ngột: [ŋ o ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚] * chốn: [c o ˦ ˥ ŋ] * ngôn: [ŋ o ˨ ˨ ŋ] oː Occurrences: 198 Examples: * rộp: [r o ː ˨ ˩ ˨ p ̚] * chộp: [c o ː ˨ ˩ ˨ p ̚] * nôi: [n o ː ˨ ˨ j] * dỗi: [j o ː ˨ ˩ ˦ j]
		ə Occurrences: 449 Examples: * phấp: [f ə ˦ ˥ p ̚] * chia: [c i ə ˨ ˨] * trên: [ʈ ə ː ˨ ˨ n] * dậm: [j ə ˨ ˩ ˨ m] əː Occurrences: 348 Examples: * lớn: [l ə ː ˦ ˥ ŋ] * bỡn: [ɓ ə ː ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * đễnh: [ɗ ə ː ˨ ˩ ˦ n] * chở: [c ə ː ˨ ˩ ˦]
Open-Mid	ɛ Occurrences: 0 Examples: * lét: [l ɛ ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] * nhẹn: [ɲ ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ] * hoen: [h w ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ŋ] * heo: [h ɛ ː ˨ ˨ w] ɛː Occurrences: 328 Examples: * réo: [r ɛ ː ˦ ˥ w] * phe: [f ɛ ː ˨ ˨] * cheo: [c ɛ ː ˨ ˨ w] * dẻo: [j ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˦ w]		ɔ Occurrences: 217 Examples: * trỏng: [ʈ ɔ ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ m] * phỗng: [f ɔ ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ m] * hống: [h ɔ ˦ ˥ ŋ m] * phỏng: [f ɔ ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ m] ɔː Occurrences: 283 Examples: * cỏi: [k ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˦ j] * roi: [r ɔ ː ˨ ˨ j] * họp: [h ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ p ̚] * nhọn: [ɲ ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ]

Open		a Occurrences: 503 Examples: * thăm: [t ʰ a ˨ ˨ m] * ran: [r a ː ˨ ˨ ŋ] * cắp: [k a ˦ ˥ p ̚] * màng: [m a ː ˨ ˩ ŋ] aː Occurrences: 806 Examples: * toả: [t w a ː ˨ ˩ ˦] * lại: [l a ː ˨ ˩ ˨ j] * nhat: [ɲ a ː ˨ ˨ k ̚] * vảng: [v a ː ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ]