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Vietnamese (Hue) MFA dictionary v2.0.0#

  • Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner

  • Language: Vietnamese

  • Dialect: N/A

  • Phone set: MFA

  • Number of words: 4,811

  • Phones: aː˦˥ aː˦˨ aː˨ˀ˦ aː˨˥ aː˨˨ˀ aː˨˩ a˦˥ a˦˨ a˨ˀ˦ a˨˥ a˨˨ˀ a˨˩ c eː˦˥ eː˦˨ eː˨ˀ˦ eː˨˥ eː˨˨ˀ eː˨˩ f h iə˦˨ iə˨ˀ˦ iə˨˥ iə˨˨ˀ iə˨˩ iː˦˥ iː˦˨ iː˨ˀ˦ iː˨˥ iː˨˨ˀ iː˨˩ i˦˥ i˦˨ i˨ˀ˦ i˨˥ i˨˨ˀ i˨˩ j k kp l m n oː˦˥ oː˦˨ oː˨ˀ˦ oː˨˥ oː˨˨ˀ oː˨˩ o˦˥ o˦˨ o˨ˀ˦ o˨˥ o˨˨ˀ o˨˩ p r s t tʰ uə˦˨ uə˨ˀ˦ uə˨˥ uə˨˨ˀ uə˨˩ uː˦˥ uː˦˨ uː˨ˀ˦ uː˨˥ uː˨˨ˀ uː˨˩ u˦˥ u˦˨ u˨ˀ˦ u˨˥ u˨˨ˀ u˨˩ v w x ŋ ŋm ɓ ɔː˦˥ ɔː˦˨ ɔː˨ˀ˦ ɔː˨˥ ɔː˨˨ˀ ɔː˨˩ ɔ˦˥ ɔ˦˨ ɔ˨ˀ˦ ɔ˨˥ ɔ˨˨ˀ ɔ˨˩ ɗ əː˦˥ əː˦˨ əː˨ˀ˦ əː˨˥ əː˨˨ˀ əː˨˩ ə˦˥ ə˦˨ ə˨ˀ˦ ə˨˥ ə˨˨ˀ ə˨˩ ɛː˦˥ ɛː˦˨ ɛː˨ˀ˦ ɛː˨˥ ɛː˨˨ˀ ɛː˨˩ ɡ ɨə˦˨ ɨə˨ˀ˦ ɨə˨˥ ɨə˨˨ˀ ɨə˨˩ ɨː˦˥ ɨː˦˨ ɨː˨ˀ˦ ɨː˨˥ ɨː˨˨ˀ ɨː˨˩ ɨ˦˥ ɨ˦˨ ɨ˨ˀ˦ ɨ˨˥ ɨ˨˨ˀ ɨ˨˩ ɲ ʈ ʔ

  • License: CC BY 4.0

  • Compatible MFA version: v2.0.0

  • Citation:

@techreport{mfa_vietnamese_hue_mfa_dictionary_2022,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={Vietnamese (Hue) MFA dictionary v2.0.0},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Vietnamese/Vietnamese (Hue) MFA dictionary v2_0_0.html}},
	year={2022},
	month={Mar},
}

G2P models
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Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary vietnamese_hue_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the plain dictionary.

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Vietnamese transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Vietnamese, and was used in training the Vietnamese MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Manner

Labial

Labiodental

Alveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasal
Occurrences:
654
Examples:
* đượm:
[ɗ ɨː˨˩ m]
* nhậm:
[ɲ ə˨˩ m]
* mành:
[m a˦˨ n]
* ươm:
[ʔ ɨː˨˥ m]
Occurrences:
416
Examples:
* quanh:
[w a˨˥ n]
* kềnh:
[k əː˦˨ n]
* mành:
[m a˦˨ n]
* niêm:
[n iː˨˥ m]
Occurrences:
185
Examples:
* nhậm:
[ɲ ə˨˩ m]
* nhâm:
[ɲ ə˨˥ m]
* nhông:
[ɲ ɔ˨˥ ŋm]
* nhúc:
[ɲ u˦˥ kp]
Occurrences:
1,145
Examples:
* tảng:
[t aː˨˨ˀ ŋ]
* ngoảy:
[ŋ w a˨˨ˀ j]
* vuông:
[v uː˨˥ ŋ]
* đôn:
[ɗ o˨˥ ŋ]

Stop Plain
Occurrences:
197
Examples:
* píp:
[p i˦˥ p]
* sáp:
[s aː˦˥ p]
* tệp:
[t eː˨˩ p]
* bếp:
[ɓ eː˦˥ p]
Occurrences:
415
Examples:
* tảng:
[t aː˨˨ˀ ŋ]
* tẩu:
[t ə˨˨ˀ w]
* túy:
[t u˨ˀ˦ j]
* tảo:
[t aː˨˨ˀ w]
Occurrences:
159
Examples:
* tri:
[ʈ i˨˥]
* trọn:
[ʈ ɔː˨˩ ŋ]
* triệu:
[ʈ iː˨˩ w]
* trĩu:
[ʈ i˨˨ˀ w]
Occurrences:
233
Examples:
* chao:
[c aː˨˥ w]
* chuỳ:
[c w i˦˨]
* chát:
[c aː˦˥ k]
* chiều:
[c iː˦˨ w]
Occurrences:
765
Examples:
* cấu:
[k ə˨ˀ˦ w]
* quắt:
[w a˦˥ k]
* giật:
[j ə˨˩ k]
* kềnh:
[k əː˦˨ n]
Occurrences:
132
Examples:
* gật:
[ɡ ə˨˩ k]
* ghẹo:
[ɡ ɛː˨˩ w]
* gáy:
[ɡ a˨ˀ˦ j]
* gào:
[ɡ aː˦˨ w]
Occurrences:
189
Examples:
* ươm:
[ʔ ɨː˨˥ m]
* ồng:
[ʔ ɔ˦˨ ŋm]
* uôn:
[ʔ uː˨˥ ŋ]
* ách:
[ʔ a˦˥ t]

Implosive
Occurrences:
266
Examples:
* bướm:
[ɓ ɨː˨ˀ˦ m]
* bền:
[ɓ əː˦˨ n]
* bia:
[ɓ iə˨˥]
* bên:
[ɓ əː˨˥ n]
Occurrences:
252
Examples:
* đượm:
[ɗ ɨː˨˩ m]
* đôn:
[ɗ o˨˥ ŋ]
* đau:
[ɗ a˨˥ w]
* đía:
[ɗ iə˨ˀ˦]

Sibilant
Occurrences:
337
Examples:
* sáp:
[s aː˦˥ p]
* xét:
[s ɛː˦˥ k]
* xao:
[s aː˨˥ w]
* xen:
[s ɛː˨˥ ŋ]

Fricative
Occurrences:
121
Examples:
* phèo:
[f ɛː˦˨ w]
* phòi:
[f ɔː˦˨ j]
* phẫu:
[f ə˨˨ˀ w]
* phốt:
[f o˦˥ k]
Occurrences:
188
Examples:
* vuông:
[v uː˨˥ ŋ]
* vẫy:
[v ə˨˨ˀ j]
* voa:
[v w aː˨˥]
* vạt:
[v aː˨˩ k]
Occurrences:
256
Examples:
* hệch:
[h əː˨˩ t]
* hẳng:
[h a˨˨ˀ ŋ]
* hèm:
[h ɛː˦˨ m]
* hôm:
[h oː˨˥ m]

Approximant
Occurrences:
779
Examples:
* quanh:
[w a˨˥ n]
* cấu:
[k ə˨ˀ˦ w]
* quắt:
[w a˦˥ k]
* tẩu:
[t ə˨˨ˀ w]
Occurrences:
898
Examples:
* giật:
[j ə˨˩ k]
* ngoảy:
[ŋ w a˨˨ˀ j]
* túy:
[t u˨ˀ˦ j]
* thủi:
[tʰ u˨˨ˀ j]

Trill
Occurrences:
205
Examples:
* rưởi:
[r ɨː˨˨ˀ j]
* rìa:
[r iə˦˨]
* riêng:
[r iː˨˥ ŋ]
* ruốc:
[r uː˦˥ k]

Lateral
Occurrences:
290
Examples:
* loàn:
[l w aː˦˨ ŋ]
* lọng:
[l ɔ˨˩ ŋm]
* lương:
[l ɨː˨˥ ŋ]
* lựa:
[l ɨə˨˩]

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

Front

Near-Front

Central

Near-Back

Back

Close
Occurrences:
221
Examples:
* nhím:
[ɲ i˨ˀ˦ m]
* khỉ:
[x i˨˨ˀ]
* chịu:
[c i˨˩ w]
* síp:
[s i˦˥ p]
Occurrences:
278
Examples:
* diễm:
[j iː˨˨ˀ m]
* biếu:
[ɓ iː˨ˀ˦ w]
* riêng:
[r iː˨˥ ŋ]
* suyễn:
[s w iː˨˨ˀ ŋ]
Occurrences:
378
Examples:
* tính:
[t ɨ˨ˀ˦ n]
* cùm:
[k ɨ˦˨ m]
* đít:
[ɗ ɨ˦˥ t]
* tịch:
[t ɨ˨˩ t]
Occurrences:
156
Examples:
* mương:
[m ɨː˨˥ ŋ]
* lười:
[l ɨː˦˨ j]
* nườm:
[n ɨː˦˨ m]
* cưỡi:
[k ɨː˨˨ˀ j]
Occurrences:
331
Examples:
* thúi:
[tʰ u˨ˀ˦ j]
* túy:
[t u˨ˀ˦ j]
* khùng:
[x u˦˨ ŋm]
* bụi:
[ɓ u˨˩ j]
Occurrences:
96
Examples:
* tuồng:
[t uː˦˨ ŋ]
* nhuộm:
[ɲ uː˨˩ m]
* ruốc:
[r uː˦˥ k]
* vuông:
[v uː˨˥ ŋ]

Close-Mid
Occurrences:
127
Examples:
* thêu:
[tʰ eː˨˥ w]
* trễ:
[ʈ eː˨˨ˀ]
* thể:
[tʰ eː˨˨ˀ]
* nếu:
[n eː˨ˀ˦ w]
Occurrences:
76
Examples:
* hôn:
[h o˨˥ ŋ]
* nhột:
[ɲ o˨˩ k]
* sốt:
[s o˦˥ k]
* ngột:
[ŋ o˨˩ k]
Occurrences:
191
Examples:
* lốp:
[l oː˦˥ p]
* hôm:
[h oː˨˥ m]
* nổi:
[n oː˨˨ˀ j]
* gối:
[ɡ oː˨ˀ˦ j]
Occurrences:
428
Examples:
* cấy:
[k ə˨ˀ˦ j]
* phẫu:
[f ə˨˨ˀ w]
* khâm:
[x ə˨˥ m]
* tẩu:
[t ə˨˨ˀ w]
Occurrences:
337
Examples:
* vện:
[v əː˨˩ n]
* mới:
[m əː˨ˀ˦ j]
* xơi:
[s əː˨˥ j]
* trở:
[ʈ əː˨˨ˀ]

Open-Mid
Occurrences:
307
Examples:
* ché:
[c ɛː˨ˀ˦]
* nghẹo:
[ŋ ɛː˨˩ w]
* nhoẻn:
[ɲ w ɛː˨˨ˀ ŋ]
* the:
[tʰ ɛː˨˥]
Occurrences:
212
Examples:
* bỏng:
[ɓ ɔ˨˨ˀ ŋm]
* sông:
[s ɔ˨˥ ŋm]
* trông:
[ʈ ɔ˨˥ ŋm]
* nhông:
[ɲ ɔ˨˥ ŋm]
Occurrences:
271
Examples:
* đọi:
[ɗ ɔː˨˩ j]
* vòm:
[v ɔː˦˨ m]
* xót:
[s ɔː˦˥ k]
* noi:
[n ɔː˨˥ j]

Open
Occurrences:
481
Examples:
* cay:
[k a˨˥ j]
* cảnh:
[k a˨˨ˀ n]
* đau:
[ɗ a˨˥ w]
* đày:
[ɗ a˦˨ j]
Occurrences:
783
Examples:
* tảng:
[t aː˨˨ˀ ŋ]
* loà:
[l w aː˦˨]
* sáp:
[s aː˦˥ p]
* xoạc:
[s w aː˨˩ k]

Diphthongs#

  • iə

  • uə

  • ɨə

Tones#

  • ˦˥

  • ˦˨

  • ˨ˀ˦

  • ˨˥

  • ˨˨ˀ

  • ˨˩

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