Ctrl+K
Ctrl+K

Korean MFA dictionary v3.0.0#

  • Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner

  • Language: Korean

  • Dialect: N/A

  • Phone set: MFA

  • Number of words: 17,968

  • Phones: b bʲ bʷ c cʰ cʰː c͈ d dʑ dʑʷ dʲ dʷ e eː h i iː j k kʰ kʰː kʷ kʷː k̚ k͈ k͈ʷ k͈ː m mʲ mʲː mː n nː o oː p pʰ pʰː pʲ pʲː pʷ p̚ p͈ p͈ʲ s sʰ sʰː sʷ sː s͈ s͈ʷ t tɕ tɕʰ tɕʰː tɕʷ tɕʷː tɕː tɕ͈ tɕ͈ʷ tɕ͈ː tʰ tʰː tʲ tʷ tʷː t̚ t͈ t͈ʲ t͈ː u uː w x ç ŋ ɐ ɕʰ ɕ͈ ɛ ɛː ɟ ɡ ɡʷ ɣ ɥ ɦ ɨ ɨː ɭ ɭː ɰ ɲ ɸ ɸʷ ɾ ɾʲ ɾʷ ʌ ʌː ʎ ʎː ʝ β βʷ

  • License: CC BY 4.0

  • Compatible MFA version: v3.0.0

  • Citation:

@techreport{mfa_korean_mfa_dictionary_2024,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={Korean MFA dictionary v3.0.0},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Korean/Korean MFA dictionary v3_0_0.html}},
	year={2024},
	month={Feb},
}

G2P models

Acoustic models
../../_images/full_logo_yellow.svg

Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary korean_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the [plain dictionary](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MontrealCorpusTools/mfa-models/main/dictionary/korean/mfa/Korean MFA dictionary v3_0_0.dict).

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Korean transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Korean, and was used in training the Korean MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Manner

Labial

Alveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasal
Occurrences:
4,417
Examples:
* 국무부:
[k u ŋ m u b u]
* 맞춰져:
[m ɐ tɕʷː ʌ dʑ ʌ]
* 제일모직:
[tɕ eː i ɭ m o dʑ i]
* 문고리:
[m u ŋ ɡ o ɾʲ i]
Occurrences:
830
Examples:
* 리얼미터:
[ɾʲ i ʌ ɭ mʲ i tʰ ʌ]
* 느냐면서:
[n ɨ ɲ ɐ mʲ ʌ n sʰ ʌ]
* 명망가:
[mʲ ʌː ŋ m ɐ ŋ ɡ ɐ]
* 미네르바:
[mʲ i n e ɾ ɨ b ɐ]
Occurrences:
8
Examples:
* 감명깊:
[k ɐ mʲː ʌ ŋ ɟ i p̚]
* 김명호:
[c i mʲː ʌ ŋ β o]
* 금명간:
[k ɨ mʲː ʌ ŋ ɡ ɐ n]
Occurrences:
56
Examples:
* 참모총장:
[tɕʰ ɐ mː o tɕʰ o ɲ dʑ ɐ ŋ]
* 금메달:
[k ɨ mː e d ɐ ɭ]
* 김무성:
[c i mː u sʰ ʌ ŋ]
* 가림막:
[k ɐ ɾʲ i mː ɐ k̚]
Occurrences:
6,751
Examples:
* 유승민:
[j u sʰ ɨ ŋ mʲ i n]
* 괴로운:
[kʷ e ɾ o u n]
* 닉네임:
[dʲ i ŋ n e i m]
* 안내문:
[ɐ nː ɛː m u n]
Occurrences:
106
Examples:
* 지난날:
[tɕ i n ɐ nː ɐ ɭ]
* 반나절:
[p ɐ nː ɐ dʑ ʌ ɭ]
* 온난화:
[o nː ɐ n βʷ ɐ]
* 짓누르:
[tɕ i nː n u ɾ ɨ]
Occurrences:
2,255
Examples:
* 그랜저:
[k ɨ ɾ ɛː ɲ dʑ ʌ]
* 미친년:
[mʲ i tɕʰ i n ɲ ʌ n]
* 기억력:
[c i ʌ ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚]
* 경쟁력:
[c ʌ ɲ tɕ ɛː ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚]
Occurrences:
4,827
Examples:
* 신경외과:
[ɕʰ i ɲ ɟ ʌ ŋ w eː kʷ ɐ]
* 주차장:
[tɕ uː tɕʰ ɐ dʑ ɐ ŋ]
* 동화책:
[t oː ŋ βʷ ɐ tɕʰ ɛː k̚]
* 교회당:
[c oː βʷ e d ɐ ŋ]

Stop Plain
Occurrences:
1,607
Examples:
* 박광온:
[p ɐ kʷː ɐ ŋ o n]
* 배신자:
[p ɛː ɕʰ i ɲ dʑ ɐ]
* 복주머니:
[p o k̚ tɕʰ u m ʌ ɲ i]
* 반드시:
[p ɐ n d ɨ ɕʰ i]
Occurrences:
769
Examples:
* 눈높이:
[d uː nː o pʲ i]
* 세피아:
[sʰ eː pʲ i ɐ]
* 비델라:
[pʲ i d e ɭː ɐ]
* 빚어졌:
[pʲ i dʑ ʌ dʑ ʌ]
Occurrences:
8
Examples:
* 합병증:
[h ɐ pʲː ʌ ɲ tɕ ɨ ŋ]
* 집필진:
[tɕ i pʲː i ʎ dʑ i n]
* 답변서:
[t ɐ pʲː ʌ n sʰ ʌ]
* 사업비:
[sʰ ɐ ʌ pʲː i]
Occurrences:
26
Examples:
* 내다봤:
[d ɛː d ɐ pʷ ɐ t̚]
* 불협화음:
[p u ɾ ʝ ʌ pʷ ɐ ɨ m]
* 봐야지:
[pʷ ɐ j ɐ dʑ i]
Occurrences:
973
Examples:
* 산자부:
[sʰ ɐ ɲ tɕ ɐ b u]
* 눈여겨보:
[n u n ɲ ʌ ɟ ʌ b o]
* 군부대:
[k u m b u tʰ ɛː]
* 올보르:
[o ɭ b o ɾ ɨ]
Occurrences:
478
Examples:
* 대변인:
[t ɛː bʲ ʌ ɲ i n]
* 소비액:
[sʰ o bʲ i ɛː]
* 중장비:
[tɕ u ɲ dʑ ɐ m bʲ i]
* 농업용:
[d o ŋ ʌ bʲ o ŋ]
Occurrences:
11
Examples:
* 조합원:
[tɕ o ɦ ɐ bʷ ʌ n]
* 종업원:
[tɕ o ŋ ʌ bʷ ʌ n]
* 당할까봐:
[t ɐ ŋ h ɐ ɭ k͈ ɐ bʷ ɐ]
* 살펴봐야:
[sʰ ɐ ɭ pʲ ʌ bʷ ɐ j ɐ]
Occurrences:
1,401
Examples:
* 순찰대:
[sʰ u ɲ tɕʰ ɐ ɭ t ɛː]
* 댑니다:
[t ɛː m ɲ i d ɐ]
* 들어간:
[t ɨ ɾ ʌ ɡ ɐ n]
* 독일군:
[t o ɟ i ɭ k u n]
Occurrences:
143
Examples:
* 버팀목:
[p ʌ tʲ i mː o k̚]
* 네티즌:
[d e tʲ i dʑ ɨ n]
* 유틸리티:
[j u tʲ i ʎː i tʲ i]
* 웨스틴:
[w e s ɨ tʲ i n]
Occurrences:
89
Examples:
* 된다고:
[tʷ e n d ɐ ɡ o]
* 된다면:
[tʷ e n d ɐ mʲ ʌ n]
* 되살아나:
[tʷ e sʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ n ɐ]
* 되돌아오:
[tʷ e d o ɾ ɐ o]
Occurrences:
1
Examples:
* 멧돼지:
[m e tʷː eː dʑ i]
Occurrences:
2,247
Examples:
* 어두워서:
[ʌ d u w ʌ sʰ ʌ]
* 겁니다:
[k ʌ m ɲ i d ɐ]
* 받아들여:
[p ɐ d ɐ d ɨ ɾʲ ʌ]
* 회교도:
[ɸʷ e ɟ o d o]
Occurrences:
106
Examples:
* 몰디브:
[m o ɭ dʲ i b ɨ]
* 비디아:
[pʲ i dʲ i ɐ]
* 니미츠:
[dʲ i mʲ i tɕʰ ɨ]
* 겐나디:
[k e nː ɐ dʲ i]
Occurrences:
3
Examples:
* 그만뒀:
[k ɨ m ɐ ɲ dʷ ʌ t̚]
Occurrences:
730
Examples:
* 기업어음:
[c i ʌ b ʌ ɨ m]
* 경비실:
[c ʌː m bʲ iː ɕʰ i ɭ]
* 교과서:
[c oː kʷ ɐ sʰ ʌ]
* 기울여온:
[c i u ɾʲ ʌ o n]
Occurrences:
809
Examples:
* 여겨왔:
[j ʌ ɟ ʌ w ɐ t̚]
* 호루라기:
[ɸ o ɾ u ɾ ɐ ɟ i]
* 외교관:
[w eː ɟ o ɡʷ ɐ n]
* 설계서:
[sʰ ʌ ɭ ɟ e sʰ ʌ]
Occurrences:
2,185
Examples:
* 밝혀내:
[p ɐ k ʝ ʌ n ɛː]
* 건넨다:
[k ʌː nː e n d ɐ]
* 구치감:
[k u tɕʰ i ɡ ɐ m]
* 고바야시:
[k o b ɐ j ɐ ɕʰ i]
Occurrences:
301
Examples:
* 입법권:
[i pʰː ʌ p̚ kʷ ʌ n]
* 광양시:
[kʷ ɐ ŋ j ɐ ŋ ɕʰ i]
* 연락회:
[j ʌ ɭː ɐ kʷ e]
* 권노갑:
[kʷ ʌ nː o ɡ ɐ p̚]
Occurrences:
25
Examples:
* 도덕관:
[t o d ʌ kʷː ɐ n]
* 광역권:
[kʷ ɐ ŋ j ʌ kʷː ʌ n]
* 체육관:
[tɕʰ e j u kʷː ɐ n]
* 특권층:
[tʰ ɨ kʷː ʌ ɲ tɕʰ ɨ ŋ]
Occurrences:
1,633
Examples:
* 최고위:
[tɕʷ eː ɡ o ɥ i]
* 두근거렸:
[t u ɡ ɨ ŋ ɡ ʌ ɾʲ ʌ t̚]
* 휴게소:
[ç u ɡ e sʰ o]
* 들어갔:
[t ɨ ɾ ʌ ɡ ɐ]
Occurrences:
207
Examples:
* 미술관:
[mʲ iː sʰ u ɭ ɡʷ ɐ n]
* 기저귀:
[c i dʑ ʌ ɡʷ i]
* 항공권:
[h ɐ ŋ ɡ o ŋ ɡʷ ʌ n]
* 서귀포:
[sʰ ʌ ɡʷ i pʰ o]

Tense
Occurrences:
167
Examples:
* 빠져나왔:
[p͈ ɐ dʑ ʌ n ɐ w ɐ t̚]
* 빨라서:
[p͈ ɐ ɭː ɐ sʰ ʌ]
* 바빠서:
[p ɐ p͈ ɐ sʰ ʌ]
* 기뻐하:
[c i p͈ ʌ ɦ ɐ]
Occurrences:
13
Examples:
* 가슴뼈:
[k ɐ sʰ ɨ m p͈ʲ ʌ]
* 뼈저리:
[p͈ʲ ʌ dʑ ʌ ɾʲ i]
* 허리뼈:
[h ʌ ɾʲ i p͈ʲ ʌ]
* 광대뼈:
[kʷ ɐ n t ɛː p͈ʲ ʌ]
Occurrences:
302
Examples:
* 떨어져:
[t͈ ʌ ɾ ʌ dʑ ʌ]
* 뛰쳐나온:
[t͈ ɥ i tɕʰ ʌ n ɐ o n]
* 떨어뜨린:
[t͈ ʌ ɾ ʌ t͈ ɨ ɾʲ i n]
* 수다떨:
[sʰ uː d ɐ t͈ ʌ ɭ]
Occurrences:
14
Examples:
* 허리띠:
[h ʌ ɾʲ i t͈ʲ i]
* 안전띠:
[ɐ ɲ dʑ ʌ n t͈ʲ i]
Occurrences:
5
Examples:
* 잇따랐:
[iː t͈ː ɐ ɾ ɐ t̚]
* 잇따르:
[iː t͈ː ɐ ɾ ɨ]
* 잇따라:
[iː t͈ː ɐ ɾ ɐ]
Occurrences:
67
Examples:
* 느낄지:
[d ɨ c͈ i ʎ dʑ i]
* 끼쳐서:
[c͈ i tɕʰ ʌ sʰ ʌ]
* 느낀다면:
[n ɨ c͈ i n d ɐ mʲ ʌ n]
Occurrences:
395
Examples:
* 시끄러워서:
[ɕʰ i k͈ ɨ ɾ ʌ w ʌ sʰ ʌ]
* 두꺼비:
[t u k͈ ʌ bʲ i]
* 까다로운:
[k͈ ɐ d ɐ ɾ o u n]
* 다니까:
[t ɐ ɲ i k͈ ɐ]
Occurrences:
22
Examples:
* 바꿔서:
[p ɐ k͈ʷ ʌ sʰ ʌ]
* 우스꽝:
[u sʰ ɨ k͈ʷ ɐ ŋ]
* 뒤바뀌:
[t ɥ i b ɐ k͈ʷ i]
* 바꿔야:
[p ɐ k͈ʷ ʌ j ɐ]
Occurrences:
6
Examples:
* 꼬박꼬박:
[k͈ o b ɐ k͈ː o b ɐ k̚]
* 동백꽃:
[t o m p ɛː k͈ː o]
* 끄덕끄덕:
[k͈ ɨ d ʌ k͈ː ɨ d ʌ k̚]
* 아직껏:
[ɐ dʑ i k͈ː ʌ t̚]

Aspirated
Occurrences:
1,004
Examples:
* 폭발물:
[pʰ o pʰ ɐ ɭ m u ɭ]
* 프라이드:
[pʰ ɨ ɾ ɐ i d ɨ]
* 캘리포니아:
[kʰ ɛː ʎː i pʰ o ɲ i ɐ]
* 페스티벌:
[pʰ e sʰ ɨ tɕʰ i b ʌ ɭ]
Occurrences:
26
Examples:
* 급부상:
[k ɨ pʰː u sʰ ɐ ŋ]
* 입법권:
[i pʰː ʌ p̚ kʷ ʌ n]
* 수입품:
[sʰ u i pʰː u m]
* 반대급부:
[p ɐ n t ɛː ɡ ɨ pʰː u]
Occurrences:
1,271
Examples:
* 리베이트:
[ɾʲ i b e i tʰ ɨ]
* 이스턴:
[i sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ n]
* 인스턴트:
[i n sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ n tʰ ɨ]
* 나타냈:
[n ɐ tʰ ɐ n ɛː t̚]
Occurrences:
28
Examples:
* 야겠다:
[j ɐ ɡ e tʰː ɐ]
* 롯데마트:
[ɾ o tʰː e m ɐ tʰ ɨ]
* 롯데월드:
[ɾ o tʰː e w ʌ ɭ d ɨ]
* 아마겟돈:
[ɐ m ɐ ɡ e tʰː o n]
Occurrences:
234
Examples:
* 마스터키:
[m ɐ sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ cʰ i]
* 키오스:
[cʰ i o sʰ ɨ]
* 가로막혀:
[k ɐ ɾ o m ɐ cʰ ʌ]
* 움켜쥔:
[u m cʰ ʌ dʑʷ i n]
Occurrences:
56
Examples:
* 가톨릭교회:
[k ɐ tʰ o ʎː i cʰː o βʷ e]
* 기독교인:
[c i d o cʰː o i n]
* 방직기:
[p ɐ ɲ dʑ i cʰː i]
* 남북교역:
[d ɐ m b u cʰː o j ʌ k̚]
Occurrences:
732
Examples:
* 머리카락:
[m ʌ ɾʲ i kʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ k̚]
* 격해진:
[c ʌ kʰ ɛː dʑ i n]
* 기어코:
[c i ʌ kʰ o]
* 숟가락:
[sʰ u kʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ k̚]
Occurrences:
137
Examples:
* 위약금:
[ɥ i j ɐ kʰː ɨ m]
* 박근혜:
[p ɐ kʰː ɨ ɲ e]
* 조작극:
[tɕ o dʑ ɐ kʰː ɨ k̚]
* 북카페:
[p u kʰː ɐ pʰ e]

Unreleased
Occurrences:
792
Examples:
* 한화갑:
[h ɐ n βʷ ɐ ɡ ɐ p̚]
* 가습기:
[k ɐ sʰ ɨ p̚ cʰ i]
* 갑작스런:
[k ɐ p̚ tɕʰ ɐ k s ɨ ɾ ʌ n]
* 흰쌀밥:
[ç i n s͈ ɐ ɭ b ɐ p̚]
Occurrences:
999
Examples:
* 밥그릇:
[p ɐ p̚ kʰ ɨ ɾ ɨ t̚]
* 넘어왔:
[n ʌ m ʌ w ɐ t̚]
* 찾아다녔:
[tɕʰ ɐ dʑ ɐ d ɐ ɲ ʌ t̚]
* 밑그림:
[mʲ i t̚ ɡ ɨ ɾʲ i m]
Occurrences:
2,044
Examples:
* 면역력:
[mʲ ʌː ɲ ʌ ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚]
* 머리카락:
[m ʌ ɾʲ i kʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ k̚]
* 제국주의:
[tɕ eː ɡ u k̚ tɕʰ u ɰ i]
* 이토록:
[i tʰ o ɾ o k̚]

Affricate Plain
Occurrences:
2,239
Examples:
* 장애물:
[tɕ ɐ ŋ ɛː m u ɭ]
* 장쩌민:
[tɕ ɐ ɲ tɕ͈ ʌ mʲ i n]
* 조리사:
[tɕ o ɾʲ i sʰ ɐ]
* 중력파:
[tɕ u ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚ pʰ ɐ]
Occurrences:
140
Examples:
* 최대한:
[tɕʷ eː t ɛː ɦ ɐ n]
* 최빈국:
[tɕʷ eː bʲ i ŋ ɡ u k̚]
* 좌회전:
[tɕʷ ɐ βʷ e dʑ ʌ n]
* 좌불안석:
[tɕʷ ɐ b u ɾ ɐ n sʰ ʌ]
Occurrences:
14
Examples:
* 갖춰져:
[k ɐ tɕʷː ʌ dʑ ʌ]
* 맞춰서:
[m ɐ tɕʷː ʌ sʰ ʌ]
* 맞춰요:
[m ɐ tɕʷː ʌ j o]
* 갖춰진:
[k ɐ tɕʷː ʌ dʑ i n]
Occurrences:
1
Examples:
Occurrences:
2,565
Examples:
* 디지털:
[tɕʰ i dʑ i tʰ ʌ ɭ]
* 금정면:
[k ɨ m dʑ ʌ ŋ mʲ ʌ n]
* 만장일치:
[m ɐ ɲ dʑ ɐ ŋ i ʎ tɕʰ i]
* 빠져도:
[p͈ ɐ dʑ ʌ d o]
Occurrences:
37
Examples:
* 괘씸죄:
[kʷ eː ɕ͈ i m dʑʷ e]
* 살인죄:
[sʰ ɐ ɾʲ i ɲ dʑʷ e]
* 사기죄:
[sʰ ɐ ɟ i dʑʷ e]
* 조직범죄:
[tɕ o dʑ i pʰ ʌ m dʑʷ e]

Tense
Occurrences:
195
Examples:
* 우쭐대:
[uː tɕ͈ u ɭ t ɛː]
* 어쩌다가:
[ʌ tɕ͈ ʌ d ɐ ɡ ɐ]
* 반짝거리:
[p ɐ ɲ tɕ͈ ɐ kʰː ʌ ɾʲ i]
* 어쩌다:
[ʌ tɕ͈ ʌ d ɐ]
Occurrences:
2
Examples:
Occurrences:
5
Examples:
* 다섯째:
[t ɐ sʰ ʌ tɕ͈ː ɛː]

Aspirated
Occurrences:
2,347
Examples:
* 총파업:
[tɕʰ o m pʰ ɐ ʌ p̚]
* 자그마치:
[tɕ ɐ ɡ ɨ m ɐ tɕʰ i]
* 청원경찰:
[tɕʰ ʌː ŋ w ʌ ɲ ɟ ʌ ɲ tɕʰ ɐ ɭ]
* 부추김:
[p uː tɕʰ u ɟ i m]
Occurrences:
79
Examples:
* 이곳저곳:
[i ɡ o tɕʰː ʌ ɡ o]
* 붙잡혔:
[p u tɕʰː ɐ pʲ ʌ t̚]
* 뒷받침:
[t ɥ iː pʰ ɐ tɕʰː i m]
* 이웃집:
[i u tɕʰː i p̚]

Sibilant Plain
Occurrences:
494
Examples:
* 연합뉴스:
[j ʌː n h ɐ m ɲ u s ɨ]
* 상속세:
[sʰ ɐ ŋ sʰ o k s e]
* 통일세:
[tʰ o ŋ i ɭ s e]
* 들을수록:
[t ɨ ɾ ɨ ɭ s u ɾ o k̚]
Occurrences:
51
Examples:
* 쇠사슬:
[sʷ e sʰ ɐ sʰ ɨ ɭ]
* 아쉬웠:
[ɐ sʷ i w ʌ]
* 쇠고기:
[sʷ e ɡ o ɟ i]
* 아쉬운:
[ɐ sʷ u n]
Occurrences:
1
Examples:
* 헛소리:
[h ʌ sː o ɾʲ i]
Occurrences:
0
Examples:

Tense
Occurrences:
176
Examples:
* 쓰러졌:
[s͈ ɨ ɾ ʌ dʑ ʌ t̚]
* 쏘나타:
[s͈ o n ɐ tʰ ɐ]
* 안쓰럽:
[ɐ n s͈ ɨ ɾ ʌ p̚]
* 쏟아져:
[s͈ o d ɐ dʑ ʌ]
Occurrences:
1
Examples:
Occurrences:
197
Examples:
* 갑시다:
[k ɐ p ɕ͈ i d ɐ]
* 아저씨:
[ɐ dʑ ʌ ɕ͈ i]
* 졸업식:
[tɕ o ɾ ʌ p ɕ͈ i]
* 부담없이:
[p uː d ɐ m ʌ p ɕ͈ i]

Aspirated
Occurrences:
3,712
Examples:
* 앞장섰:
[ɐ p̚ tɕʰ ɐ ŋ sʰ ʌ t̚]
* 삼성전자:
[sʰ ɐ m sʰ ʌ ɲ dʑ ʌ ɲ dʑ ɐ]
* 이래서:
[iː ɾ ɛː sʰ ʌ]
* 뉴시스:
[dʲ u ɕʰ i sʰ ɨ]
Occurrences:
11
Examples:
* 머릿속:
[m ʌ ɾʲ i sʰː o k̚]
* 못생겼:
[m oː sʰː ɛː ŋ ɟ ʌ t̚]
Occurrences:
1,102
Examples:
* 관심사:
[kʷ ɐ n ɕʰ i m sʰ ɐ]
* 시설물:
[ɕʰ iː sʰ ʌ ɭ m u ɭ]
* 신문사:
[ɕʰ i n m u n sʰ ɐ]
* 다시피:
[t ɐ ɕʰ i pʲ i]

Fricative
Occurrences:
111
Examples:
* 호메이니:
[ɸ o m e i ɲ i]
* 홍준표:
[ɸ o ɲ dʑ u m pʲ o]
* 호박색:
[ɸ o b ɐ k ɕ͈ ɛː k̚]
* 혹시나:
[ɸ o k ɕ͈ i n ɐ]
Occurrences:
281
Examples:
* 후쿠시:
[ɸʷ u kʰ u ɕʰ i]
* 횡단보도:
[ɸʷ e n d ɐ m b o d o]
* 확고히:
[ɸʷ ɐ kʰː o ʝ i]
* 황주군:
[ɸʷ ɐ ɲ dʑ u ɡ u n]
Occurrences:
188
Examples:
* 히로시마:
[ç i ɾ o ɕʰ i m ɐ]
* 현대인:
[ç ʌ n d ɛː i n]
* 협의회:
[ç ʌ b ɰ i βʷ e]
* 현행법:
[ç ʌ n h ɛː m p ʌ p̚]
Occurrences:
321
Examples:
* 착실히:
[tɕʰ ɐ k ɕ͈ i ɾ ʝ i]
* 김현종:
[c i m ʝ ʌ ɲ dʑ o ŋ]
* 조현아:
[tɕ o ʝ ʌ n ɐ]
* 오히려:
[o ʝ i ɾʲ ʌ]
Occurrences:
967
Examples:
* 핸드백:
[h ɛː n d ɨ p ɛː k̚]
* 신학자:
[ɕʰ i n h ɐ k̚ tɕʰ ɐ]
* 해야지:
[h ɛː j ɐ dʑ i]
* 생물학:
[sʰ ɛː ŋ m u ɾ h ɐ k̚]
Occurrences:
293
Examples:
* 슬퍼하:
[sʰ ɨ ɭ pʰ ʌ ɦ ɐ]
* 정치학:
[tɕ ʌ ɲ tɕʰ i ɦ ɐ k̚]
* 미워할:
[mʲ i w ʌ ɦ ɐ ɭ]
* 수행원:
[sʰ uː ɦ ɛː ŋ w ʌ n]

Approximant
Occurrences:
849
Examples:
* 올라왔:
[o ɭː ɐ w ɐ]
* 해외여행:
[h ɛː w ɛː j ʌ ɦ ɛː ŋ]
* 이뤄져야:
[i ɾ w ʌ dʑ ʌ j ɐ]
* 놀러왔:
[d oː ɭː ʌ w ɐ t̚]
Occurrences:
1,686
Examples:
* 유종헌:
[j u dʑ o ŋ h ʌ n]
* 승용차:
[sʰ ɨ ŋ j o ɲ tɕʰ ɐ]
* 이세영:
[i sʰ e j ʌ ŋ]
* 비워야:
[pʲ i w ʌ j ɐ]
Occurrences:
245
Examples:
* 방위군:
[p ɐ ŋ ɥ i ɡ u n]
* 뛰어든:
[t͈ ɥ i ʌ d ɨ n]
* 이따위:
[i t͈ ɐ ɥ i]
* 뒷받침:
[t ɥ iː t̚ pʰ ɐ tɕʰː i m]
Occurrences:
200
Examples:
* 권위주의:
[kʷ ʌ n ɥ i dʑ u ɰ i]
* 명의자:
[mʲ ʌ ŋ ɰ i dʑ ɐ]
* 국민회의:
[k u ŋ mʲ i n βʷ e ɰ i]
* 여의도:
[j ʌ ɰ i d o]

Tap
Occurrences:
1,787
Examples:
* 르완다:
[ɾ ɨ w ɐ n d ɐ]
* 더라는:
[t ʌ ɾ ɐ n ɨ n]
* 찌른다:
[tɕ͈ i ɾ ɨ n d ɐ]
* 나와라:
[n ɐ w ɐ ɾ ɐ]
Occurrences:
1,009
Examples:
* 미스터리:
[mʲ i sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ ɾʲ i]
* 어려워졌:
[ʌ ɾʲ ʌ w ʌ dʑ ʌ t̚]
* 메릴린치:
[m e ɾʲ i ʎː i ɲ tɕʰ i]
* 대여료:
[t ɛː j ʌ ɾʲ o]
Occurrences:
3
Examples:
* 브뤼셀:
[p ɨ ɾʷ i sʰ e ɭ]

Lateral
Occurrences:
235
Examples:
* 이루어질지:
[i ɾ u ʌ dʑ i ʎ dʑ i]
* 훌쩍훌쩍:
[ɸʷ u ʎ tɕ͈ ʌ k̚ βʷ u ʎ tɕ͈ ʌ]
* 철저히:
[tɕʰ ʌ ʎ tɕ ʌ ʝ i]
* 겨울철:
[c ʌ u ʎ tɕʰ ʌ ɭ]
Occurrences:
509
Examples:
* 휘말리:
[h ɥ i m ɐ ʎː i]
* 카톨릭:
[kʰ ɐ tʰ o ʎː i k̚]
* 달려온:
[t ɐ ʎː ʌ o n]
* 인류애:
[i ʎː u ɛː]

Lateral Tap
Occurrences:
2,339
Examples:
* 고흥길:
[k o ɣ ɨ ŋ ɟ i ɭ]
* 노동절:
[d o d o ɲ dʑ ʌ ɭ]
* 볼게요:
[p o ɭ ɡ e j o]
* 미술관:
[mʲ iː sʰ u ɭ ɡʷ ɐ n]
Occurrences:
466
Examples:
* 불러오:
[p u ɭː ʌ o]
* 오클랜드:
[o kʰ ɨ ɭː ɛː n d ɨ]
* 흘러가:
[x ɨ ɭː ʌ ɡ ɐ]
* 배불러:
[p ɛː b u ɭː ʌ]

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

Front

Near-Front

Central

Near-Back

Back

Close
Occurrences:
8,132
Examples:
* 유기준:
[j u ɟ i dʑ u n]
* 이동해:
[i d o ŋ h ɛː]
* 김수현:
[c i m sʰ u ʝ ʌ n]
* 더부살이:
[t ʌ b u sʰ ɐ ɾʲ i]
Occurrences:
627
Examples:
* 이석태:
[iː sʰ ʌ k̚ tʰ ɛː]
* 임현수:
[iː m ʝ ʌ n sʰ u]
* 비해서:
[pʲ iː ɦ ɛː sʰ ʌ]
* 미용실:
[mʲ iː j o ŋ ɕʰ i ɭ]
Occurrences:
3,568
Examples:
* 달아오르:
[t ɐ ɾ ɐ o ɾ ɨ]
* 신호등:
[ɕʰ iː n β o d ɨ ŋ]
* 사우스:
[sʰ ɐ u sʰ ɨ]
* 하여튼:
[h ɐ j ʌ tʰ ɨ n]
Occurrences:
92
Examples:
* 근로자:
[k ɨː ɭː o dʑ ɐ]
* 끌어안:
[k͈ ɨː ɾ ʌ ɐ n]
* 끌어왔:
[k͈ ɨː ɾ ʌ w ɐ]
* 그림자:
[k ɨː ɾʲ i m dʑ ɐ]
Occurrences:
4,918
Examples:
* 주저앉:
[tɕ u dʑ ʌ ɐ n]
* 선수금:
[sʰ ʌː n sʰ u ɡ ɨ m]
* 상륙전:
[sʰ ɐ ŋ ɲ u k̚ tɕʰ ʌ n]
* 벚나무:
[p ʌ nː ɐ m u]
Occurrences:
377
Examples:
* 문화유산:
[m u n βʷ ɐ j uː sʰ ɐ n]
* 군량미:
[k uː ʎː ɐ ŋ mʲ i]
* 준다는:
[tɕ uː n t ɐ n ɨ n]
* 주차장:
[tɕ uː tɕʰ ɐ dʑ ɐ ŋ]

Close-Mid
Occurrences:
1,935
Examples:
* 설렌다:
[sʰ ʌ ɭː e n d ɐ]
* 시외버스:
[ɕʰ i w e b ʌ sʰ ɨ]
* 노회찬:
[d oː βʷ e tɕʰ ɐ n]
* 희망퇴직:
[ç i m ɐ n tʷ e dʑ i]
Occurrences:
434
Examples:
* 예산안:
[j eː sʰ ɐ n ɐ n]
* 제삼자:
[tɕ eː sʰ ɐ m dʑ ɐ]
* 예술단:
[j eː sʰ u ɭ d ɐ n]
* 게시판:
[k eː ɕʰ i pʰ ɐ n]
Occurrences:
5,396
Examples:
* 포스터:
[pʰ o sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ]
* 가로막:
[k ɐ ɾ o m ɐ k̚]
* 물류비용:
[m u ʎː u bʲ i j o ŋ]
* 조리용:
[tɕ o ɾʲ i j o ŋ]
Occurrences:
671
Examples:
* 공군력:
[k oː ŋ ɡ u ʎː ʌ k̚]
* 노사정:
[n oː sʰ ɐ dʑ ʌ ŋ]
* 소선거구제:
[sʰ oː sʰ ʌ ŋ ɡ ʌ ɡ u dʑ e]
* 놀라운:
[d oː ɭː ɐ u n]

Open-Mid
Occurrences:
6
Examples:
Occurrences:
2,751
Examples:
* 새벽녘:
[sʰ ɛː bʲ ʌ ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚]
* 녹내장:
[n o ŋ n ɛː dʑ ɐ ŋ]
* 뛰어내려:
[t͈ ɥ i ʌ n ɛː ɾʲ ʌ]
* 내려야:
[d ɛː ɾʲ ʌ j ɐ]
Occurrences:
8,429
Examples:
* 노동청:
[n o d o ɲ tɕʰ ʌ ŋ]
* 평론가:
[pʲ ʌ ŋ n o ŋ ɡ ɐ]
* 총격사건:
[tɕʰ oː ŋ ɟ ʌ k s ɐ ɡ ʌ n]
* 로부터:
[ɾ o b u tʰ ʌ]
Occurrences:
908
Examples:
* 전화벨:
[tɕ ʌː n βʷ ɐ b e ɭ]
* 어야죠:
[ʌː j ɐ dʑ o]
* 멍하니:
[m ʌː ŋ h ɐ ɲ i]
* 벌인다:
[p ʌː ɾʲ i n d ɐ]
Occurrences:
11,697
Examples:
* 빗방울:
[pʲ i t̚ pʰ ɐ ŋ u ɭ]
* 관제탑:
[kʷ ɐ ɲ dʑ e tʰ ɐ]
* 다녀왔:
[t ɐ ɲ ʌ w ɐ]
* 들여다:
[t ɨ ɾʲ ʌ d ɐ]

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