Mandarin MFA dictionary v2.0.0a#

Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Dialect: N/A
Phone set: MFA
Number of words: 119,703
Phones: ai˥˥ ai˥˩ ai˦ ai˧˥ ai˨ ai˨˩˦ ai˩ au˥˥ au˥˩ au˦ au˧˥ au˨ au˨˩˦ au˩ a˥˥ a˥˩ a˦ a˧˥ a˨ a˨˩˦ a˩ ei˥˥ ei˥˩ ei˦ ei˧˥ ei˨ ei˨˩˦ ei˩ e˥˥ e˥˩ e˦ e˧˥ e˨ e˨˩˦ e˩ f i˥˥ i˥˩ i˦ i˧˥ i˨ i˨˩˦ i˩ j k kʰ l m n ou˥˥ ou˥˩ ou˦ ou˧˥ ou˨ ou˨˩˦ ou˩ o˥˥ o˥˩ o˦ o˧˥ o˨ o˨˩˦ o˩ p pʰ s t ts tsʰ tɕ tɕʰ tʰ u˥˥ u˥˩ u˦ u˧˥ u˨ u˨˩˦ u˩ w x y˥˥ y˥˩ y˦ y˧˥ y˨ y˨˩˦ y˩ z̩˥˥ z̩˥˩ z̩˦ z̩˧˥ z̩˨ z̩˨˩˦ z̩˩ ŋ ŋ̍˧˥ ɕ ə˥˥ ə˥˩ ə˦ ə˧˥ ə˨ ə˨˩˦ ə˩ ɥ ɻ ʂ ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʐ ʐ̩˥˥ ʐ̩˥˩ ʐ̩˦ ʐ̩˧˥ ʐ̩˨ ʐ̩˨˩˦ ʐ̩˩ ʔ
License: CC BY 4.0
Compatible MFA version: v2.0.0
Citation:

@techreport{mfa_mandarin_mfa_dictionary_2022,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={Mandarin MFA dictionary v2.0.0a},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Mandarin/Mandarin MFA dictionary v2_0_0a.html}},
	year={2022},
	month={May},
}

If you have comments or questions about this dictionary or its phone set, you can check previous MFA model discussion posts or create a new one.

Acoustic models

Mandarin MFA acoustic model v2.0.0a

Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary mandarin_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the plain dictionary.

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Mandarin Chinese transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Mandarin, and was used in training the Mandarin MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i Occurrences: 60,655 Examples: * 所向披靡: [s w o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɕ j a ˥ ˩ ŋ p ʰ i ˥ ˥ m i ˨ ˩ ˦] * 开心起来: [k ʰ a j ˥ ˥ ɕ i ˥ ˥ n t ɕ ʰ i ˩ l a j ˩] * 拉塞博里: [l a ˥ ˥ s a j ˥ ˩ p w o ˧ ˥ l i ˨ ˩ ˦] * 地老天荒: [t i ˦ l a w ˨ ˩ ˦ t ʰ j e ˥ ˥ n x w a ˥ ˥ ŋ] y Occurrences: 12,264 Examples: * 曲线图: [t ɕ ʰ y ˥ ˥ ɕ j e ˥ ˩ n t ʰ u ˧ ˥] * 云片糕: [y ˧ ˥ n p ʰ j e ˥ ˩ n k a w ˥ ˥] * 形而上语言: [ɕ i ˧ ˥ ŋ ʔ o ˧ ˥ ɻ ʂ a ˥ ˩ ŋ y ˨ ˩ ˦ j e ˧ ˥ n] * 外甥女婿: [w a j ˥ ˩ ʂ o ˩ ŋ n y ˨ ˩ ˦ ɕ y ˦]		u Occurrences: 47,784 Examples: * 布隆迪局: [p u ˥ ˩ l u ˧ ˥ ŋ t i ˧ ˥ t ɕ y ˧ ˥] * 艾柱灸: [ʔ a j ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ u ˥ ˩ t ɕ j o w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 党中央: [t a ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ ʈ ʂ u ˥ ˥ ŋ j a ˥ ˥ ŋ] * 撑不住: [ʈ ʂ ʰ o ˥ ˥ ŋ p u ˦ ʈ ʂ u ˥ ˩]

Close-Mid	e Occurrences: 34,185 Examples: * 谢谢你们: [ɕ j e ˥ ˩ ɕ j e ˩ n i ˨ ˩ ˦ m ə ˦ n] * 颜文字: [j e ˧ ˥ n w ə ˧ ˥ n t s z ̩ ˥ ˩] * 亲姐姐: [t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˥ n t ɕ j e ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ j e ˦] * 谢谢您: [ɕ j e ˥ ˩ ɕ j e ˩ n i ˧ ˥ n] ej Occurrences: 17,919 Examples: * 演讲会: [j e ˨ ˩ ˦ n t ɕ j a ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ x w e j ˥ ˩] * 夫水镇: [f u ˥ ˥ ʂ w e j ˨ ˩ ˦ ʈ ʂ ə ˥ ˩ n] * 田茂辉: [t ʰ j e ˧ ˥ n m a w ˥ ˩ x w e j ˥ ˥] * 威胁性: [w e j ˥ ˥ ɕ j e ˧ ˥ ɕ i ˥ ˩ ŋ]		o Occurrences: 49,378 Examples: * 子勒尔: [t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ l o ˥ ˩ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ] * 骆驼奶: [l w o ˥ ˩ t ʰ w o ˩ n a j ˨ ˩ ˦] * 爱哭鬼麦朵: [ʔ a j ˥ ˩ k ʰ u ˥ ˥ k w e j ˨ ˩ ˦ m a j ˥ ˩ t w o ˦] * 席尔瓦: [ɕ i ˧ ˥ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ w a ˨ ˩ ˦] ow Occurrences: 16,319 Examples: * 小狗狗: [ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ k o w ˨ ˩ ˦ k o w ˦] * 一首歌: [i ˥ ˥ ʂ o w ˨ ˩ ˦ k o ˥ ˥] * 贼骨头: [t s e j ˧ ˥ k u ˨ ˩ ˦ t ʰ o w ˦] * 动手动脚: [t u ˥ ˩ ŋ ʂ o w ˨ ˩ ˦ t u ˥ ˩ ŋ t ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦]
		ə Occurrences: 16,433 Examples: * 本菲卡: [p ə ˨ ˩ ˦ n f e j ˥ ˥ k ʰ a ˨ ˩ ˦] * 总的来看: [t s u ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ t ə ˦ l a j ˧ ˥ k ʰ a ˥ ˩ n] * 众矢之的: [ʈ ʂ u ˥ ˩ ŋ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˥ t ə ˦] * 叔本华: [ʂ u ˥ ˥ p ə ˨ ˩ ˦ n x w a ˧ ˥]
Open-Mid

Open		a Occurrences: 78,717 Examples: * 发展趋势: [f a ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ a ˨ ˩ ˦ n t ɕ ʰ y ˥ ˥ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩] * 环球小姐: [x w a ˧ ˥ n t ɕ ʰ j o w ˧ ˥ ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ j e ˨ ˩ ˦] * 后爸爸: [x o w ˥ ˩ p a ˥ ˩ p a ˩] * 哑巴亏: [j a ˨ ˩ ˦ p a ˦ k ʰ w e j ˥ ˥]

Diphthongs#

aj
aw
ej
io
ow

Tones#

˥˥
˥˩
˦
˧˥
˨
˨˩˦
˩

Manner	Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m Occurrences: 15,270 Examples: * 名言录: [m i ˧ ˥ ŋ j e ˧ ˥ n l u ˥ ˩] * 阿米尔汗: [ʔ a ˥ ˥ m i ˨ ˩ ˦ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ x a ˥ ˩ n] * 丰明市: [f o ˥ ˥ ŋ m i ˧ ˥ ŋ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩] * 多美滋: [t w o ˥ ˥ m e j ˨ ˩ ˦ t s z ̩ ˥ ˥]		n Occurrences: 85,628 Examples: * 认真学习: [ʐ ə ˥ ˩ n ʈ ʂ ə ˥ ˥ n ɕ ɥ e ˧ ˥ ɕ i ˧ ˥] * 奋发努力: [f ə ˥ ˩ n f a ˥ ˥ n u ˨ ˩ ˦ l i ˥ ˩] * 圣殿教: [ʂ o ˥ ˩ ŋ t j e ˥ ˩ n t ɕ j a w ˥ ˩] * 短时间: [t w a ˨ ˩ ˦ n ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ t ɕ j e ˥ ˥ n]			ŋ Occurrences: 66,777 Examples: * 弘治十二年: [x u ˧ ˥ ŋ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ ʔ o ˥ ˩ ɻ n j e ˧ ˥ n] * 农业经济: [n u ˧ ˥ ŋ j e ˥ ˩ t ɕ i ˥ ˥ ŋ t ɕ i ˥ ˩] * 弗朗努瓦: [f u ˧ ˥ l a ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ n u ˨ ˩ ˦ w a ˨ ˩ ˦] * 教英文: [t ɕ j a w ˥ ˩ i ˥ ˥ ŋ w ə ˧ ˥ n] ŋ̍ Occurrences: 3 Examples:
Stop	p Occurrences: 20,588 Examples: * 癞皮狗: [l a j ˥ ˩ p ʰ i ˧ ˥ k o w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 敢怒不敢言: [k a ˨ ˩ ˦ n n u ˥ ˩ p u ˥ ˩ k a ˨ ˩ ˦ n j e ˧ ˥ n] * 贝尔蒙: [p e j ˥ ˩ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ m o ˧ ˥ ŋ] * 巴林群岛: [p a ˥ ˥ l i ˧ ˥ n t ɕ ʰ y ˧ ˥ n t a w ˨ ˩ ˦]		t Occurrences: 23,831 Examples: * 新泽西州: [ɕ i ˥ ˥ n t s o ˧ ˥ ɕ i ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ o w ˥ ˥] * 斯沃琪: [s z ̩ ˥ ˥ w o ˥ ˩ t ɕ ʰ i ˧ ˥] * 四角埠: [s z ̩ ˥ ˩ t ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ p u ˥ ˩] * 包头巾: [p a w ˥ ˥ t ʰ o w ˧ ˥ t ɕ i ˥ ˥ n]			k Occurrences: 16,945 Examples: * 钢片琴: [k a ˥ ˥ ŋ p ʰ j e ˥ ˩ n t ɕ ʰ i ˧ ˥ n] * 张家口: [ʈ ʂ a ˥ ˥ ŋ t ɕ j a ˥ ˥ k ʰ o w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 张光斗: [ʈ ʂ a ˥ ˥ ŋ k w a ˥ ˥ ŋ t o w ˥ ˩] * 时光倒流: [ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ k w a ˥ ˥ ŋ t a w ˨ ˩ ˦ l j o w ˧ ˥]	ʔ Occurrences: 10,292 Examples: * 二零几: [ʔ o ˥ ˩ ɻ l i ˧ ˥ ŋ t ɕ i ˨ ˩ ˦] * 冈维尔: [k a ˥ ˥ ŋ w e j ˧ ˥ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ] * 巴尔喀什湖: [p a ˥ ˥ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ k ʰ a ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ x u ˧ ˥] * 哥们儿: [k o ˥ ˥ m ə ˨ n ʔ o ˧ ˥ ɻ]
Affricate			ts Occurrences: 9,481 Examples: * 谭泽勇: [t ʰ a ˧ ˥ n t s o ˧ ˥ j u ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * 财会学: [t s ʰ a j ˧ ˥ k ʰ w a j ˥ ˩ ɕ ɥ e ˧ ˥] * 沧州市: [t s ʰ a ˥ ˥ ŋ ʈ ʂ o w ˥ ˥ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩] * 娘子军: [n j a ˧ ˥ ŋ t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ y ˥ ˥ n]	ʈʂ Occurrences: 20,939 Examples: * 平园池: [p ʰ i ˧ ˥ ŋ ɥ e ˧ ˥ n ʈ ʂ ʰ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥] * 丙辰朔: [p i ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ ʈ ʂ ʰ ə ˧ ˥ n ʂ w o ˥ ˩] * 辞职报告: [t s ʰ z ̩ ˧ ˥ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ p a w ˥ ˩ k a w ˥ ˩] * 拆下来: [ʈ ʂ ʰ a j ˥ ˥ ɕ j a ˥ ˩ l a j ˧ ˥]	tɕ Occurrences: 27,174 Examples: * 听起来: [t ʰ i ˥ ˥ ŋ t ɕ ʰ i ˨ ˩ ˦ l a j ˦] * 结肠炎: [t ɕ j e ˧ ˥ ʈ ʂ ʰ a ˧ ˥ ŋ j e ˧ ˥ n] * 学生界: [ɕ ɥ e ˧ ˥ ʂ o ˥ ˥ ŋ t ɕ j e ˥ ˩] * 全高清: [t ɕ ʰ ɥ e ˧ ˥ n k a w ˥ ˥ t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˥ ŋ]
Sibilant			s Occurrences: 12,143 Examples: * 大王酸浆鱿: [t a ˥ ˩ w a ˧ ˥ ŋ s w a ˥ ˥ n t ɕ j a ˥ ˥ ŋ j o w ˧ ˥] * 万历十四年: [w a ˥ ˩ n l i ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ s z ̩ ˥ ˩ n j e ˧ ˥ n] * 碳酸钙: [t ʰ a ˥ ˩ n s w a ˥ ˥ n k a j ˥ ˩] * 外来词: [w a j ˥ ˩ l a j ˧ ˥ t s ʰ z ̩ ˧ ˥] z Occurrences: 0 Examples: * 认真仔细: [ʐ ə ˥ ˩ n ʈ ʂ ə ˥ ˥ n t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ɕ i ˥ ˩] * 芥子毒气: [t ɕ j e ˥ ˩ t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ t u ˧ ˥ t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˩] * 仅此而已: [t ɕ i ˨ ˩ ˦ n t s ʰ z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ʔ o ˧ ˥ ɻ i ˨ ˩ ˦] * 受刺激: [ʂ o w ˥ ˩ t s ʰ z ̩ ˥ ˩ t ɕ i ˥ ˥] z̩ Occurrences: 9,223 Examples: * 彭家祠: [p ʰ o ˧ ˥ ŋ t ɕ j a ˥ ˥ t s ʰ z ̩ ˧ ˥] * 鸡爪子: [t ɕ i ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ w a ˨ ˩ ˦ t s z ̩ ˦] * 二百三十四: [ʔ o ˥ ˩ ɻ p a j ˨ ˩ ˦ s a ˥ ˥ n ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ s z ̩ ˥ ˩] * 电子琴: [t j e ˥ ˩ n t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ ʰ i ˧ ˥ n]	ʂ Occurrences: 26,629 Examples: * 生产矿: [ʂ o ˥ ˥ ŋ ʈ ʂ ʰ a ˨ ˩ ˦ n k ʰ w a ˥ ˩ ŋ] * 复合齿: [f u ˥ ˩ x o ˧ ˥ ʈ ʂ ʰ ʐ ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦] * 智能卡: [ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩ n o ˧ ˥ ŋ k ʰ a ˨ ˩ ˦] * 非常规: [f e j ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ ʰ a ˧ ˥ ŋ k w e j ˥ ˥] ʐ Occurrences: 5,932 Examples: * 猪头肉: [ʈ ʂ u ˥ ˥ t ʰ o w ˧ ˥ ʐ o w ˥ ˩] * 西敏制: [ɕ i ˥ ˥ m i ˨ ˩ ˦ n ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩] * 民主党人: [m i ˧ ˥ n ʈ ʂ u ˨ ˩ ˦ t a ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ ʐ ə ˧ ˥ n] * 控制线: [k ʰ u ˥ ˩ ŋ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩ ɕ j e ˥ ˩ n] ʐ̩ Occurrences: 15,519 Examples: * 美术室: [m e j ˨ ˩ ˦ ʂ u ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦] * 钥匙链: [j a w ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˩ l j e ˥ ˩ n] * 双十节: [ʂ w a ˥ ˥ ŋ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ t ɕ j e ˧ ˥] * 阶梯教室: [t ɕ j e ˥ ˥ t ʰ i ˥ ˥ t ɕ j a w ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦]	ɕ Occurrences: 24,221 Examples: * 美术史学家: [m e j ˨ ˩ ˦ ʂ u ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ɕ ɥ e ˧ ˥ t ɕ j a ˥ ˥] * 克林县: [k ʰ o ˥ ˩ l i ˧ ˥ n ɕ j e ˥ ˩ n] * 科尔伯特县: [k ʰ o ˥ ˥ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ p w o ˧ ˥ t ʰ o ˥ ˩ ɕ j e ˥ ˩ n] * 赫尔辛基: [x o ˥ ˩ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ ɕ i ˥ ˥ n t ɕ i ˥ ˥]
Fricative		f Occurrences: 12,438 Examples: * 青州府: [t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˥ ŋ ʈ ʂ o w ˥ ˥ f u ˨ ˩ ˦] * 经济法: [t ɕ i ˥ ˥ ŋ t ɕ i ˥ ˩ f a ˨ ˩ ˦] * 小野大辅: [ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ j e ˨ ˩ ˦ t a ˥ ˩ f u ˨ ˩ ˦] * 组成部分: [t s u ˨ ˩ ˦ ʈ ʂ ʰ o ˧ ˥ ŋ p u ˥ ˩ f ə ˩ n]
Approximant	w Occurrences: 49,328 Examples: * 银保部: [i ˧ ˥ n p a w ˨ ˩ ˦ p u ˥ ˩] * 金屑酒: [t ɕ i ˥ ˥ n ɕ j e ˥ ˩ t ɕ j o w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 按摩器: [ʔ a ˥ ˩ n m w o ˧ ˥ t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˩] * 唯利是图: [w e j ˧ ˥ l i ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩ t ʰ u ˧ ˥]			ɻ Occurrences: 7,296 Examples: * 虎耳草: [x u ˨ ˩ ˦ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ t s ʰ a w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 扎堆儿: [ʈ ʂ a ˥ ˥ t w ə ˥ ˥ ɻ] * 拉旺莱多尔: [l a ˥ ˥ w a ˥ ˩ ŋ l a j ˧ ˥ t w o ˥ ˥ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ] * 圣马凯尔: [ʂ o ˥ ˩ ŋ m a ˨ ˩ ˦ k ʰ a j ˨ ˩ ˦ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ]	j Occurrences: 58,271 Examples: * 幼幼台: [j o w ˥ ˩ j o w ˥ ˩ t ʰ a j ˧ ˥] * 邦美蜀: [p a ˥ ˥ ŋ m e j ˨ ˩ ˦ ʂ u ˨ ˩ ˦] * 赛渔艇: [s a j ˥ ˩ y ˧ ˥ t ʰ i ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * 扁尾海: [p j e ˨ ˩ ˦ n w e j ˨ ˩ ˦ x a j ˨ ˩ ˦] ɥ Occurrences: 8,743 Examples: * 大月支: [t a ˥ ˩ ɥ e ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˥] * 学杂费: [ɕ ɥ e ˧ ˥ t s a ˧ ˥ f e j ˥ ˩] * 粤语版: [ɥ e ˥ ˩ y ˨ ˩ ˦ p a ˨ ˩ ˦ n] * 超越方程: [ʈ ʂ ʰ a w ˥ ˥ ɥ e ˥ ˩ f a ˥ ˥ ŋ ʈ ʂ ʰ o ˧ ˥ ŋ]
Lateral			l Occurrences: 28,039 Examples: * 维尔莱瓦隆: [w e j ˧ ˥ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ l a j ˧ ˥ w a ˨ ˩ ˦ l u ˧ ˥ ŋ] * 鼎力支持: [t i ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ l i ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ ʰ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥] * 固兰练: [k u ˥ ˩ l a ˧ ˥ n l j e ˥ ˩ n] * 萨勒吾则克: [s a ˥ ˩ l o ˥ ˩ u ˧ ˥ t s o ˧ ˥ k ʰ o ˥ ˩]