Vietnamese MFA dictionary v2.0.0a#
@techreport{mfa_vietnamese_mfa_dictionary_2022,
author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
title={Vietnamese MFA dictionary v2.0.0a},
address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Vietnamese/Vietnamese MFA dictionary v2_0_0a.html}},
year={2022},
month={May},
}
Acoustic models |
 |
Installation#
Install from the MFA command line:
mfa model download dictionary vietnamese_mfa
Or download from the release page.
The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the plain dictionary.
Intended use#
This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Vietnamese transcripts.
This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Vietnamese, and was used in training the Vietnamese MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.
Performance Factors#
When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.
Ethical considerations#
Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.
Demographic Bias#
You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.
IPA Charts#
Consonants#
Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.
Manner |
Labial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal |
Occurrences: 1,914 Examples: * đụng: [ɗ u ˨ ˩ ŋ m] * bấm: [ɓ ə ˨ ˀ ˦ m] * gắm: [ɡ a ˨ ˀ ˦ m] * khủng: [x u ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ m] |
Occurrences: 1,696 Examples: * khần: [x ə ˨ ˨ n] * tính: [t ɨ ˨ ˀ ˦ n] * vẫn: [v ə ˨ ˀ ˥ n] * nhũn: [ɲ u ː ˨ ˀ ˥ n] |
Occurrences: 698 Examples: * nhép: [ɲ ɛ ː ˦ ˥ p ̚] * xanh: [s a ˨ ˨ ɲ] * đình: [ɗ i ˨ ˨ ɲ] * nhờ: [ɲ ə ː ˦ ˨] |
Occurrences: 2,873 Examples: * ngạt: [ŋ a ː ˨ ˩ k ̚] * trừng: [ʈ ɨ ˦ ˨ ŋ] * tiểng: [t i ː ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ] * giạng: [j a ː ˨ ˩ ŋ] |
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Stop Plain |
Occurrences: 27 Examples: * tháp: [t ʰ a ː ˦ ˥ p ̚] * cóc: [k ɔ ˦ ˥ k p] * lụt: [l u ˨ ˩ k p] * kịp: [k i ˨ ˩ p ̚] |
Occurrences: 748 Examples: * thú: [t ʰ u ˨ ˀ ˦] * vượt: [v ɨ ə ˨ ˩ t ̚] * chúng: [t ɕ u ˨ ˦ ŋ m] * nhọt: [ɲ ɔ ː ˨ ˩ t ̚] |
Occurrences: 325 Examples: * trân: [ʈ ə ˨ ˥ ŋ] * trọi: [ʈ ɔ ː ˨ ˩ j] * trạng: [ʈ a ː ˨ ˩ ŋ] * trưa: [ʈ ɨ ə ˨ ˥] |
Occurrences: 535 Examples: * chàm: [c a ː ˦ ˨ m] * chiêu: [c i ː ˨ ˥ w] * chừa: [c ɨ ə ˦ ˨] * chen: [c ɛ ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] |
Occurrences: 883 Examples: * dộc: [j ɔ ˨ ˩ k p] * quảy: [k w a ˨ ˩ ˨ j] * tột: [t o ˨ ˩ k ̚] * kẹo: [k ɛ ː ˨ ˩ w] Occurrences: 257 Examples: * gạt: [ɡ a ː ˨ ˩ k ̚] * gạo: [ɡ a ː ˨ ˩ w] * gầy: [ɡ ə ˦ ˨ j] * ghìm: [ɡ i ˦ ˨ m] |
Occurrences: 522 Examples: * ướt: [ʔ ɨ ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] * ủng: [ʔ u ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ m] * ếch: [ʔ ə ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * ống: [ʔ ɔ ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ m] |
|
Implosive |
Occurrences: 756 Examples: * bĩu: [ɓ i ˨ ˨ ˀ w] * beo: [ɓ ɛ ː ˨ ˥ w] * bắn: [ɓ a ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ] * bỗng: [ɓ ɔ ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ m] |
Occurrences: 719 Examples: * đan: [ɗ a ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] * đón: [ɗ ɔ ː ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ] * đày: [ɗ a ˦ ˨ j] * đũng: [ɗ u ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ m] |
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Affricate |
Occurrences: 409 Examples: * chúi: [t ɕ u ː ˨ ˦ j] * chúm: [t ɕ u ː ˨ ˦ m] * chấp: [t ɕ ə ˦ ˥ p ̚] * chí: [t ɕ i ː ˨ ˦] |
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Sibilant |
Occurrences: 945 Examples: * xoang: [s w a ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] * xạo: [s a ː ˨ ˩ w] * soóc: [s ɔ ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] * sanh: [s a ˨ ˥ n] Occurrences: 522 Examples: * dát: [z a ː ˦ ˥ t ̚] * rêu: [z e ː ˨ ˨ w] * dãy: [z a ˨ ˀ ˥ j] * dằm: [z a ˨ ˨ m] |
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Fricative |
Occurrences: 340 Examples: * phì: [f i ˦ ˨] * phiến: [f i ː ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ] * phơ: [f ə ː ˨ ˥] * phông: [f ɔ ˨ ˥ ŋ m] Occurrences: 532 Examples: * vài: [v a ː ˦ ˨ j] * vạch: [v a ˨ ˩ t ̚] * voọc: [v ɔ ː ˨ ˩ k ̚] * viển: [v i ː ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ] |
Occurrences: 750 Examples: * hẻo: [h ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ˀ w] * hẳng: [h a ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ] * hiệp: [h i ː ˨ ˩ p ̚] * hầm: [h ə ˦ ˨ m] |
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Approximant |
Occurrences: 2,268 Examples: * xoe: [s w ɛ ː ˨ ˥] * khuê: [x w e ː ˨ ˥] * suýt: [s w ɨ ˦ ˥ t ̚] * mấu: [m ə ˨ ˀ ˦ w] |
Occurrences: 2,367 Examples: * gióc: [j ɔ ˦ ˥ k p] * ngây: [ŋ ə ˨ ˥ j] * chòi: [c ɔ ː ˦ ˨ j] * dim: [j i ˨ ˥ m] |
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Trill |
Occurrences: 399 Examples: * rộng: [r ɔ ˨ ˩ ŋ m] * rụt: [r u ˨ ˩ k p] * rầy: [r ə ˦ ˨ j] * rầu: [r ə ˦ ˨ w] |
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Lateral |
Occurrences: 843 Examples: * lênh: [l ə ː ˨ ˥ n] * loa: [l w a ː ˨ ˥] * lẩu: [l ə ˨ ˨ ˀ w] * lôi: [l o ː ˨ ˥ j] |
Vowels#
Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.
Front |
Near-Front |
Central |
Near-Back |
Back |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close |
Occurrences: 560 Examples: * thuỳ: [t ʰ w i ˨ ˩] * bính: [ɓ i ˨ ˦ ɲ] * tĩnh: [t i ˨ ˀ ˥ ɲ] * nhỉnh: [ɲ i ˨ ˩ ˨ ɲ] Occurrences: 825 Examples: * nhí: [ɲ i ː ˨ ˦] * tuyền: [t w i ː ˦ ˨ ŋ] * duyên: [j w i ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] * xỉu: [s i ː ˨ ˩ ˨ w] |
Occurrences: 801 Examples: * ngự: [ŋ ɨ ˨ ˩] * gìn: [j ɨ ˦ ˨ n] * lửng: [l ɨ ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ] * hưng: [h ɨ ˨ ˥ ŋ] Occurrences: 363 Examples: * hường: [h ɨ ː ˦ ˨ ŋ] * ưỡn: [ʔ ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * lượng: [l ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ŋ] * khứ: [x ɨ ː ˨ ˦] |
Occurrences: 720 Examples: * thui: [t ʰ u ˨ ˥ j] * tụng: [t u ˨ ˩ ˀ ŋ m] * dụm: [z u ː ˨ ˩ ˀ m] * túng: [t u ˨ ˦ ŋ m] Occurrences: 473 Examples: * buôn: [ɓ u ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] * búp: [ɓ u ː ˦ ˥ p ̚] * chuốt: [c u ː ˦ ˥ k ̚] * muông: [m u ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] |
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Close-Mid |
Occurrences: 39 Examples: * xếch: [s e ˦ ˥ c] * nhếch: [ɲ e ˦ ˥ c] * vểnh: [v e ˨ ˩ ˨ ɲ] * đếch: [ɗ e ˦ ˥ c] Occurrences: 416 Examples: * đểu: [ɗ e ː ˨ ˩ ˨ w] * thuế: [t ʰ w e ː ˦ ˥] * thềm: [t ʰ e ː ˦ ˨ m] * trê: [t ɕ e ː ˨ ˨] |
Occurrences: 239 Examples: * động: [ɗ o ˨ ˩ ˀ ŋ m] * vông: [v o ˨ ˨ ŋ m] * chống: [t ɕ o ˨ ˦ ŋ m] * rốn: [r o ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ] Occurrences: 613 Examples: * tối: [t o ː ˨ ˦ j] * cỗi: [k o ː ˨ ˩ ˦ j] * rối: [r o ː ˨ ˀ ˦ j] * bồi: [ɓ o ː ˦ ˨ j] |
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Occurrences: 1,219 Examples: * vỉa: [v i ə ˨ ˨ ˀ] * điếng: [ɗ i ə ˨ ˦ ŋ] * gây: [ɡ ə ˨ ˥ j] * dẫu: [j ə ˨ ˩ ˦ w] Occurrences: 861 Examples: * dờn: [z ə ː ˨ ˨ n] * sệt: [s ə ː ˨ ˩ t ̚] * tới: [t ə ː ˨ ˀ ˦ j] * đến: [ɗ ə ː ˦ ˥ n] |
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Open-Mid |
Occurrences: 0 Examples: * hẻo: [h ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ˀ w] * men: [m ɛ ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] * đem: [ɗ ɛ ː ˨ ˥ m] * que: [w ɛ ː ˨ ˥] Occurrences: 876 Examples: * trẻo: [t ɕ ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ w] * kẽm: [k ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ˀ m] * đèo: [ɗ ɛ ː ˦ ˨ w] * lẹo: [l ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˀ w] |
Occurrences: 461 Examples: * bống: [ɓ ɔ ˦ ˥ ŋ m] * khổng: [x ɔ ˨ ˨ ˀ ŋ m] * chống: [c ɔ ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ m] * thọc: [t ʰ ɔ ˨ ˩ ˨ k p] Occurrences: 770 Examples: * cọp: [k ɔ ː ˨ ˩ p ̚] * gọt: [ɡ ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˨ k ̚] * thọt: [t ʰ ɔ ː ˨ ˩ k ̚] * đón: [ɗ ɔ ː ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ] |
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Open |
Occurrences: 1,339 Examples: * gán: [ɡ a ː ˨ ˀ ˦ ŋ] * oẳng: [w a ˨ ˩ ˨ ŋ] * đắc: [ɗ a ˦ ˥ k ̚] * gánh: [ɡ a ˨ ˀ ˦ n] Occurrences: 2,215 Examples: * lảo: [l a ː ˨ ˩ ˨ w] * thán: [t ʰ a ː ˦ ˥ ŋ] * ngàng: [ŋ a ː ˦ ˨ ŋ] * thang: [t ʰ a ː ˨ ˥ ŋ] |
Diphthongs#
iə
uə
ɨə
Tones#
˦˥
˦˨
˨ˀ˥
˨ˀ˦
˨˥
˨˦
˨˨
˨˨ˀ
˨˩
˨˩ˀ
˨˩˦
˨˩˨