English (India) MFA dictionary v3.1.0#

  • Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner

  • Language: English

  • Dialect: [Indian English](Japanese tokenizer v2_1_0.md)

  • Phone set: MFA

  • Number of words: 26,594

  • Phones: a aj aw aː b bʲ c cʷ dʒ d̪ eː f fʲ h i iː j k kʷ l m mʲ n oː p pʲ pʷ s tʃ t̪ w z ç ŋ ɑ ɑː ɒ ɒː ɔj ɖ ə ɛ ɛː ɜ ɜː ɟ ɟʷ ɡ ɡʷ ɪ ɱ ɲ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʈ ʈʲ ʈʷ ʉ ʉː ʊ ʋ ʎ ʒ ʔ

  • License: CC BY 4.0

  • Compatible MFA version: v3.1.0

  • Citation:

@techreport{mfa_english_india_mfa_dictionary_2024,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={English (India) MFA dictionary v3.1.0},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/English/English (India) MFA dictionary v3_1_0.html}},
	year={2024},
	month={Jun},
}
image("https://montreal-forced-aligner.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_static/logo_stacked_light.svg")

Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary english_india_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the [plain dictionary](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MontrealCorpusTools/mfa-models/main/dictionary/english/mfa/English (India) MFA dictionary v3_1_0.dict).

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of English transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for English, and was used in training the English MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Manner

Labial

Labiodental

Dental

Alveolar

Alveopalatal

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasal
Occurrences:
6,175
Examples:
* simum:
[s ɪ m ə m]
* mater:
[m eː ʈ ə ɾ]
* cham:
[k a m]
* melon:
[m ɛ l ə n]
Occurrences:
1,241
Examples:
* sami:
[s ɑː mʲ i]
* limit:
[ʎ ɪ mʲ ɪ ʈ]
* mixed:
[mʲ ɪ k s]
* mir:
[mʲ ɪ ə]
Occurrences:
3
Examples:
Occurrences:
14,058
Examples:
* don:
[ɖ ɒ n]
* tin:
[ʈ ɪ n]
* gwin:
[ɟʷ ɪ n]
* once:
[ʋ ə n ʈ s]
Occurrences:
2,150
Examples:
* coney:
[k ə ɲ i]
* needs:
[ɲ iː ɖ dʒ]
* lenny:
[l ɛ ɲ i]
* niger:
[ɲ iː ʒ ɛː ɾ]
Occurrences:
2,325
Examples:
* song:
[s a ŋ]
* franc:
[f ɹ a ŋ k]
* lanka:
[l a ŋ k ə]
* angus:
[a ŋ ɡ ə s]

Stop
Occurrences:
5,980
Examples:
* prism:
[p ɹ ɪ z ə m]
* price:
[p ɾ aj s]
* paint:
[p eː n]
* piano:
[p i ɑː n oː]
Occurrences:
166
Examples:
* guppy:
[ɡ ə pʲ i]
* puppy:
[p ə pʲ i]
* puget:
[pʲ ʉː dʒ ɪ ʈ]
* poppy:
[p ɒ pʲ i]
Occurrences:
2
Examples:
Occurrences:
3,810
Examples:
* rebel:
[ɾ ɛ b ə l]
* stabs:
[s ʈ a b z]
* baer:
[b ɛː]
* boil:
[b ɔj l]
Occurrences:
721
Examples:
* baby:
[b eː bʲ i]
* began:
[bʲ ɪ ɡ a n]
* built:
[bʲ ɪ l ʈ]
* rugby:
[ɾ ə ɟ bʲ i]
Occurrences:
795
Examples:
* thor:
[t̪ ɒː]
* thad:
[t̪ a ɖ]
* path:
[p ɑː t̪]
* fifth:
[fʲ ɪ t̪]
Occurrences:
291
Examples:
* birth:
[b ɜː d̪]
* meath:
[mʲ iː d̪]
* this:
[d̪ ɪ s]
* with:
[ʋ ɪ d̪]
Occurrences:
11,037
Examples:
* skirt:
[s k ɜː ʈ]
* trees:
[ʈ ɾ iː z]
* trial:
[ʈ ɾ aj ə l]
* turn:
[ʈ ɜː n]
Occurrences:
3,152
Examples:
* cited:
[s aj ʈʲ ɪ ɖ]
* dante:
[ɖ a n ʈʲ i]
* utica:
[j ʉː ʈʲ ɪ k ə]
* empty:
[ɛ m p ʈʲ i]
Occurrences:
30
Examples:
* twist:
[ʈʷ ɪ s ʈ]
* tweed:
[ʈʷ iː ɖ]
* twin:
[ʈʷ ɪ n]
* twig:
[ʈʷ ɪ ɡ]
Occurrences:
9,192
Examples:
* lords:
[l ɒː ɖ z]
* woods:
[ʋ ʊ ɖ z]
* amid:
[ə mʲ ɪ ɖ]
* arid:
[a ɾ ɪ ɖ]
Occurrences:
2,045
Examples:
* clad:
[c ʎ a ɖ]
* crate:
[c ɹ eː ʈ]
* creek:
[c ɹ iː k]
* cale:
[c eː l]
Occurrences:
119
Examples:
* quick:
[cʷ ɪ k]
* query:
[cʷ ɪ ɾ i]
* quit:
[cʷ ɪ ʈ]
* quine:
[cʷ ɪ n]
Occurrences:
615
Examples:
* igloo:
[ɪ ɟ ʎ ʉː]
* begin:
[b ə ɟ ɪ n]
* gig:
[ɟ ɪ ɡ]
* grate:
[ɟ ɹ eː ʈ]
Occurrences:
24
Examples:
* guido:
[ɟʷ iː ɖ oː]
* gwen:
[ɟʷ ɛ n]
* gwin:
[ɟʷ ɪ n]
Occurrences:
7,875
Examples:
* can:
[k ə n]
* punk:
[p ə ŋ k]
* cask:
[k ɑː s k]
* carlo:
[k ɑː l oː]
Occurrences:
176
Examples:
* quiet:
[kʷ aj ɪ ʈ]
* quasi:
[kʷ ɑ s i]
* fuqua:
[f ə kʷ ə]
* quan:
[kʷ ɒ n]
Occurrences:
2,053
Examples:
* gooch:
[ɡ ʉː tʃ]
* going:
[ɡ oː ɪ ŋ]
* whig:
[ʋ ɪ ɡ]
* galen:
[ɡ eː l ə n]
Occurrences:
19
Examples:
* guo:
[ɡʷ oː]
* guang:
[ɡʷ ɑː ŋ]
* guam:
[ɡʷ ɑː m]
Occurrences:
2
Examples:
* often:
[ɒː f ʔ ə n]

Affricate
Occurrences:
1,373
Examples:
* cheat:
[tʃ iː ʈ]
* cha:
[tʃ ɑː]
* gulch:
[ɡ ə l tʃ]
* cham:
[tʃ a m]
Occurrences:
2,623
Examples:
* hinge:
[ç ɪ n dʒ]
* image:
[ɪ mʲ ɪ dʒ]
* aged:
[eː dʒ ɖ]
* jaw:
[dʒ ɒː]

Sibilant
Occurrences:
12,917
Examples:
* sand:
[s a n]
* place:
[p l eː s]
* plus:
[p l ə s]
* heist:
[h aj s ʈ]
Occurrences:
6,332
Examples:
* rows:
[ɾ oː z]
* ism:
[ɪ z ə m]
* poles:
[p oː l z]
* aslan:
[a z l ə n]
Occurrences:
2,717
Examples:
* shri:
[ʃ ɹ iː]
* ashby:
[a ʃ bʲ i]
* fish:
[fʲ ɪ ʃ]
* share:
[ʃ ɛː]
Occurrences:
174
Examples:
* azure:
[a ʒ ə]
* hajj:
[h ɑ ʒ]
* asian:
[eː ʒ ə n]
* niger:
[ɲ iː ʒ ɛː]

Fricative
Occurrences:
2,768
Examples:
* franc:
[f ɹ a ŋ k]
* fuzzy:
[f ə z i]
* chief:
[tʃ iː f]
* shaft:
[ʃ ɑː f ʈ]
Occurrences:
811
Examples:
* fever:
[fʲ iː ʋ ə]
* finch:
[fʲ ɪ n tʃ]
* feud:
[fʲ ʉː ɖ]
* fiji:
[fʲ iː dʒ iː]
Occurrences:
323
Examples:
* haig:
[ç eː ɡ]
* hail:
[ç eː l]
* hayes:
[ç eː z]
* hit:
[ç ɪ ʈ]
Occurrences:
1,327
Examples:
* hurt:
[h ɜː ʈ]
* half:
[h aː f]
* hoped:
[h oː p ʈ]
* house:
[h aw s]

Approximant
Occurrences:
4
Examples:
Occurrences:
4,455
Examples:
* valor:
[ʋ eː l ə]
* grave:
[ɟ ɹ eː ʋ]
* wound:
[ʋ aw n ɖ]
* wars:
[ʋ aː z]
Occurrences:
9,256
Examples:
* razed:
[ɹ eː z ɖ]
* riker:
[ɹ aj k ə]
* prix:
[p ɹ iː]
* kerry:
[c ɛ ɹ i]
Occurrences:
477
Examples:
* utah:
[j ʉː ʈ aː]
* yeah:
[j ɛː]
* yahoo:
[j ɑː h ʉː]

Tap
Occurrences:
3,791
Examples:
* cater:
[c eː ʈ ə ɾ]
* rib:
[ɾ ɪ b]
* grass:
[ɡ ɾ ɑː s]
* roads:
[ɾ oː ɖ dʒ]

Lateral
Occurrences:
8,531
Examples:
* loose:
[l ʉː s]
* pilot:
[p aj l ə ʈ]
* slavs:
[s l a ʋ z]
* cello:
[s ɛ l oː]
Occurrences:
3,064
Examples:
* liang:
[ʎ i ɑː ŋ]
* leroy:
[ʎ iː ɹ ɔj]
* liver:
[ʎ ɪ ʋ ə ɾ]
* belly:
[b ɛ ʎ i]

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

Front

Near-Front

Central

Near-Back

Back

Close
Occurrences:
4,474
Examples:
* dairy:
[ɖ ɛː ɾ i]
* percy:
[p ɜː s i]
* ready:
[ɾ ɛ ɖ i]
* paley:
[p a ʎ i]
Occurrences:
2,968
Examples:
* these:
[d̪ iː dʒ]
* tree:
[tʃ ɹ iː]
* seal:
[s iː l]
* media:
[mʲ iː ɖ ɪ ə]
Occurrences:
285
Examples:
* ruby:
[ɾ ʉ bʲ i]
* rome:
[ɹ ʉ m]
* dumas:
[ɖ ʉ m ə z]
* duet:
[ɖ ʉ ɪ ʈ]
Occurrences:
2,045
Examples:
* tool:
[ʈ ʉː l]
* cuban:
[c ʉː b ə n]
* jesu:
[dʒ iː z ʉː]
* debut:
[ɖ eː bʲ ʉː]
Occurrences:
17,531
Examples:
* tying:
[ʈ aj ɪ ŋ]
* mixed:
[mʲ ɪ k s ʈ]
* intra:
[ɪ n ʈ ɹ ə]
* pinch:
[p ɪ n tʃ]
Occurrences:
1,045
Examples:
* pull:
[p ʊ l]
* room:
[ɹ ʊ m]
* goal:
[ɡ ɒ ʊ l]
* goods:
[ɡ ʊ ɖ z]

Close-Mid
Occurrences:
0
Examples:
Occurrences:
4,168
Examples:
* place:
[p l eː s]
* elena:
[ɛ l eː n ə]
* veins:
[ʋ eː n z]
* lane:
[l eː n]
Occurrences:
0
Examples:
Occurrences:
3,091
Examples:
* sonia:
[s oː ɲ i ə]
* homes:
[h oː m dʒ]
* bozo:
[b oː z oː]
* prove:
[p ɹ oː ʋ]
Occurrences:
24,031
Examples:
* frege:
[f ɹ ɛ ɡ ə]
* giant:
[dʒ aj ə n ʈ]
* priam:
[p ɹ aj ə m]
* ebony:
[ɛ b ə ɲ i]

Open-Mid
Occurrences:
6,331
Examples:
* adele:
[ə ɖ ɛ l]
* upset:
[ə p s ɛ ʈ]
* helen:
[h ɛ l ə n]
* edith:
[ɛ ɖ ɪ t̪]
Occurrences:
476
Examples:
* flair:
[f l ɛː]
* bears:
[b ɛː z]
* fares:
[f ɛː z]
* wear:
[ʋ ɛː]
Occurrences:
49
Examples:
* bury:
[b ɜ ɹ i]
* murr:
[m ɜ]
* herzl:
[h ɜ ʈ s ə l]
Occurrences:
1,233
Examples:
* kern:
[k ɜː n]
* firth:
[f ɜː t̪]
* third:
[t̪ ɜː ɖ]
* burt:
[b ɜː]

Open
Occurrences:
5,574
Examples:
* matic:
[m a ʈʲ ɪ k]
* nano:
[n a n oː]
* cabot:
[k a b ə ʈ]
* tasks:
[ʈ a s k s]
Occurrences:
562
Examples:
* party:
[p aː ʈʲ i]
* wall:
[ʋ aː l]
* larva:
[l aː ʋ ə]
* sudan:
[s ʉː ɖ aː n]
Occurrences:
150
Examples:
* han:
[h ɑ n]
* klan:
[k l ɑ n]
* vans:
[ʋ ɑ n z]
* not:
[n ɑ]
Occurrences:
1,988
Examples:
* star:
[s ʈ ɑː]
* arc:
[ɑː k]
* arms:
[ɑː m dʒ]
* radha:
[ɹ ɑː ɖ ə]
Occurrences:
3,523
Examples:
* drop:
[ɖ ɾ ɒ p]
* quan:
[kʷ ɒ n]
* blocs:
[b l ɒ k s]
* walsh:
[ʋ ɒ l ʃ]
Occurrences:
2,142
Examples:
* hawks:
[h ɒː k s]
* jorge:
[dʒ ɒː dʒ]
* maud:
[m ɒː ɖ]
* orson:
[ɒː s ə n]

Diphthongs#

  • aj

  • aw

  • ɔj

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