Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA dictionary v3.0.0#

Maintainer: Montreal Forced Aligner
Language: Vietnamese
Dialect: Northern Vietnamese
Phone set: MFA
Number of words: 2,456
Phones: aː˦˥ aː˨ˀ˥ aː˨˦ aː˨˨ aː˨˩ aː˨˩ˀ aː˨˩˨ a˦˥ a˨ˀ˥ a˨˦ a˨˨ a˨˩ a˨˩ˀ a˨˩˨ c eː˦˥ eː˨ˀ˥ eː˨˦ eː˨˨ eː˨˩ eː˨˩ˀ eː˨˩˨ e˨˨ e˨˩ e˨˩ˀ f h iə˦˥ iə˨ˀ˥ iə˨˦ iə˨˨ iə˨˩ iə˨˩ˀ iə˨˩˨ iː˦˥ iː˨ˀ˥ iː˨˦ iː˨˨ iː˨˩ iː˨˩ˀ iː˨˩˨ i˦˥ i˨ˀ˥ i˨˦ i˨˨ i˨˩ i˨˩ˀ i˨˩˨ j k kp k̚ l m n oː˦˥ oː˨ˀ˥ oː˨˦ oː˨˨ oː˨˩ oː˨˩ˀ oː˨˩˨ o˦˥ o˨ˀ˥ o˨˦ o˨˨ o˨˩ o˨˩ˀ o˨˩˨ p p̚ s t tɕ tʰ t̚ uə˦˥ uə˨ˀ˥ uə˨˦ uə˨˨ uə˨˩ uə˨˩ˀ uə˨˩˨ uː˦˥ uː˨ˀ˥ uː˨˦ uː˨˨ uː˨˩ uː˨˩ˀ uː˨˩˨ u˦˥ u˨ˀ˥ u˨˦ u˨˨ u˨˩ u˨˩ˀ u˨˩˨ v w x z ŋ ŋm ɓ ɔː˦˥ ɔː˨ˀ˥ ɔː˨˦ ɔː˨˨ ɔː˨˩ ɔː˨˩ˀ ɔː˨˩˨ ɔ˦˥ ɔ˨˦ ɔ˨˨ ɔ˨˩ ɔ˨˩ˀ ɔ˨˩˨ ɗ əː˦˥ əː˨ˀ˥ əː˨˦ əː˨˨ əː˨˩ əː˨˩ˀ əː˨˩˨ ə˦˥ ə˨ˀ˥ ə˨˦ ə˨˨ ə˨˩ ə˨˩ˀ ə˨˩˨ ɛː˦˥ ɛː˨ˀ˥ ɛː˨˦ ɛː˨˨ ɛː˨˩ ɛː˨˩ˀ ɛː˨˩˨ ɣ ɨə˦˥ ɨə˨ˀ˥ ɨə˨˦ ɨə˨˨ ɨə˨˩ ɨə˨˩ˀ ɨə˨˩˨ ɨː˨ˀ˥ ɨː˨˦ ɨː˨˨ ɨː˨˩ˀ ɨː˨˩˨ ɨ˦˥ ɨ˨ˀ˥ ɨ˨˦ ɨ˨˨ ɨ˨˩ ɨ˨˩ˀ ɨ˨˩˨ ɲ ʔ
License: CC BY 4.0
Compatible MFA version: v3.0.0
Citation:

@techreport{mfa_vietnamese_hanoi_mfa_dictionary_2024,
	author={McAuliffe, Michael and Sonderegger, Morgan},
	title={Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA dictionary v3.0.0},
	address={\url{https://mfa-models.readthedocs.io/pronunciation dictionary/Vietnamese/Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA dictionary v3_0_0.html}},
	year={2024},
	month={Mar},
}

If you have comments or questions about this dictionary or its phone set, you can check previous MFA model discussion posts or create a new one.

G2P models

Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA G2P model v3.0.0

Installation#

Install from the MFA command line:

mfa model download dictionary vietnamese_hanoi_mfa

Or download from the release page.

The dictionary available from the release page and command line installation has pronunciation and silence probabilities estimated as part acoustic model training (see Silence probability format and training pronunciation probabilities for more information. If you would like to use the version of this dictionary without probabilities, please see the [plain dictionary](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MontrealCorpusTools/mfa-models/main/dictionary/vietnamese/mfa/Vietnamese (Hanoi) MFA dictionary v3_0_0.dict).

Intended use#

This dictionary is intended for forced alignment of Vietnamese transcripts.

This dictionary uses the MFA phone set for Vietnamese, and was used in training the Vietnamese MFA acoustic model. Pronunciations can be added on top of the dictionary, as long as no additional phones are introduced.

Performance Factors#

When trying to get better alignment accuracy, adding pronunciations is generally helpful, especially for different styles and dialects. The most impactful improvements will generally be seen when adding reduced variants that involve deleting segments/syllables common in spontaneous speech. Alignment must include all phones specified in the pronunciation of a word, and each phone has a minimum duration (by default 10ms). If a speaker pronounces a multisyllabic word with just a single syllable, it can be hard for MFA to fit all the segments in, so it will lead to alignment errors on adjacent words as well.

Ethical considerations#

Deploying any Speech-to-Text model into any production setting has ethical implications. You should consider these implications before use.

Demographic Bias#

You should assume every machine learning model has demographic bias unless proven otherwise. For pronunciation dictionaries, it is often the case that transcription accuracy and lexicon coverage for the prestige variety modeled in this dictionary compared to other variants. If you are using this dictionary in production, you should acknowledge this as a potential issue.

IPA Charts#

Consonants#

Obstruent symbols to the left of are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

Manner	Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m Occurrences: 325 Examples: * mười: [m ɨə˨˨ j] * mùi: [m uː˨˨ j] * năm: [n a˨˨ m] * tham: [tʰ aː˨˨ m]		n Occurrences: 440 Examples: * nửa: [n ɨə˨˩˨] * tán: [t aː˨˦ n] * cuốn: [k uə˨˦ n] * gián: [z aː˨˦ n]	ɲ Occurrences: 169 Examples: * cảnh: [k a˨˩˨ ɲ] * kính: [k i˨˦ ɲ] * nành: [n a˨˨ ɲ] * nhân: [ɲ ə˨˨ n]	ŋ Occurrences: 318 Examples: * chặng: [tɕ a˨˩ˀ ŋ] * rưng: [z ɨ˨˨ ŋ] * ngán: [ŋ aː˨˦ n] * trừng: [tɕ ɨ˨˨ ŋ]
Stop Plain	p Occurrences: 1 Examples: * pin: [p iː˨˨ n]		t Occurrences: 185 Examples: * tầng: [t ə˨˨ ŋ] * tít: [t iː˦˥ t̚] * tín: [t iː˨˦ n] * túng: [t u˨˦ ŋm]	c Occurrences: 39 Examples: * bạch: [ɓ a˨˩ c] * nhích: [ɲ i˦˥ c] * rịch: [z i˨˩ c] * thích: [tʰ i˦˥ c]	k Occurrences: 228 Examples: * cực: [k ɨ˨˩] * quá: [k w aː˨˦] * cưng: [k ɨ˨˨ ŋ] * cười: [k ɨə˨˨ j]	ʔ Occurrences: 96 Examples: * ước: [ʔ ɨə˦˥] * ạch: [ʔ a˨˩ c] * anh: [ʔ a˨˨ ɲ] * áng: [ʔ aː˨˦ ŋ]
Aspirated			tʰ Occurrences: 156 Examples: * thần: [tʰ ə˨˨ n] * thuý: [tʰ w iː˨˦] * thánh: [tʰ a˨˦ ɲ] * thảo: [tʰ aː˨˩˨ w]
Implosive	ɓ Occurrences: 144 Examples: * băn: [ɓ a˨˨ n] * biếm: [ɓ iə˨˦ m] * bước: [ɓ ɨə˦˥] * bão: [ɓ aː˨ˀ˥ w]		ɗ Occurrences: 164 Examples: * đất: [ɗ ə˦˥] * đảm: [ɗ aː˨˩˨ m] * đốm: [ɗ oː˨˦ m] * đam: [ɗ aː˨˨ m]
Unreleased	p̚ Occurrences: 98 Examples: * ghép: [ɣ ɛː˦˥ p̚] * chớp: [tɕ əː˦˥ p̚] * mập: [m ə˨˩ p̚] * tấp: [t ə˦˥ p̚]		t̚ Occurrences: 177 Examples: * hạt: [h aː˨˩ t̚] * lượt: [l ɨə˨˩ t̚] * phớt: [f əː˦˥ t̚] * bớt: [ɓ əː˦˥ t̚]		k̚ Occurrences: 92 Examples: * đặc: [ɗ a˨˩ k̚] * biếc: [ɓ iə˦˥ k̚] * đác: [ɗ aː˦˥ k̚] * đức: [ɗ ɨ˦˥ k̚]
Affricate				tɕ Occurrences: 234 Examples: * chết: [tɕ eː˦˥] * châm: [tɕ ə˨˨ m] * chẳng: [tɕ a˨˩˨ ŋ] * chút: [tɕ uː˦˥ t̚]
Sibilant			s Occurrences: 176 Examples: * sưa: [s ɨə˨˨] * say: [s a˨˨ j] * xăm: [s a˨˨ m] * xoáy: [s w a˨˦ j] z Occurrences: 220 Examples: * rạng: [z aː˨˩ˀ ŋ] * giọng: [z ɔ˨˩ˀ ŋm] * dãy: [z a˨ˀ˥ j] * dâu: [z ə˨˨ w]
Fricative		f Occurrences: 65 Examples: * phạm: [f aː˨˩ˀ m] * phách: [f a˦˥ c] * phục: [f u˨˩ kp] * phôi: [f oː˨˨ j] v Occurrences: 95 Examples: * vạn: [v aː˨˩ˀ n] * van: [v aː˨˨ n] * vòi: [v ɔː˨˨ j] * vướng: [v ɨə˨˦ ŋ]				h Occurrences: 153 Examples: * hầm: [h ə˨˨ m] * hình: [h i˨˨ ɲ] * hợp: [h əː˨˩ p̚] * hạch: [h a˨˩ c]
Approximant	w Occurrences: 378 Examples: * ngoặt: [ŋ w a˨˩] * quyển: [k w iə˨˩˨ n] * thuật: [tʰ w ə˨˩ t̚] * nghèo: [ŋ ɛː˨˨ w]			j Occurrences: 303 Examples: * tai: [t aː˨˨ j] * thòi: [tʰ ɔː˨˨ j] * tôi: [t oː˨˨ j] * bẫy: [ɓ ə˨ˀ˥ j]
Lateral			l Occurrences: 163 Examples: * lụt: [l uː˨˩ t̚] * lùng: [l u˨˨ ŋm] * leo: [l ɛː˨˨ w] * lại: [l aː˨˩ˀ j]

Vowels#

Vowel symbols to the left of are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i Occurrences: 59 Examples: * vịnh: [v i˨˩ˀ ɲ] * lính: [l i˨˦ ɲ] * lịch: [l i˨˩ c] * chỉnh: [tɕ i˨˩˨ ɲ] iː Occurrences: 138 Examples: * nhí: [ɲ iː˨˦] * nhịp: [ɲ iː˨˩] * quỹ: [k w iː˨ˀ˥] * nhỉ: [ɲ iː˨˩˨]	ɨ Occurrences: 85 Examples: * thực: [tʰ ɨ˨˩] * cực: [k ɨ˨˩ k̚] * sửu: [s ɨ˨˩˨ w] * trưng: [tɕ ɨ˨˨ ŋ] ɨː Occurrences: 42 Examples: * khử: [x ɨː˨˩˨] * giữ: [z ɨː˨ˀ˥] * trừ: [tɕ ɨː˨˨] * ngự: [ŋ ɨː˨˩ˀ]	u Occurrences: 61 Examples: * phục: [f u˨˩ kp] * khúc: [x u˦˥ kp] * mục: [m u˨˩ kp] * lúc: [l u˦˥ kp] uː Occurrences: 109 Examples: * bút: [ɓ uː˦˥ t̚] * ngủ: [ŋ uː˨˩˨] * lún: [l uː˨˦ n] * lũi: [l uː˨ˀ˥ j]

Close-Mid	e Occurrences: 6 Examples: * bệnh: [ɓ e˨˩ˀ ɲ] * chênh: [tɕ e˨˨ ɲ] * kênh: [k e˨˨ ɲ] * mệnh: [m e˨˩ˀ ɲ] eː Occurrences: 102 Examples: * chết: [tɕ eː˦˥ t̚] * ghế: [ɣ eː˨˦] * mệt: [m eː˨˩] * thể: [tʰ eː˨˩˨]		o Occurrences: 59 Examples: * hổng: [h o˨˩˨ ŋm] * bộc: [ɓ o˨˩ kp] * động: [ɗ o˨˩ˀ ŋm] * mộng: [m o˨˩ˀ ŋm] oː Occurrences: 170 Examples: * trộn: [tɕ oː˨˩ˀ n] * dối: [z oː˨˦ j] * phối: [f oː˨˦ j] * một: [m oː˨˩ t̚]
		ə Occurrences: 286 Examples: * luận: [l w ə˨˩ˀ n] * bẩy: [ɓ ə˨˩˨ j] * bấy: [ɓ ə˨˦ j] * dẫm: [z ə˨ˀ˥ m] əː Occurrences: 128 Examples: * đợi: [ɗ əː˨˩ˀ j] * bớt: [ɓ əː˦˥] * nhờ: [ɲ əː˨˨] * hởi: [h əː˨˩˨ j]
Open-Mid	ɛ Occurrences: 0 Examples: ɛː Occurrences: 126 Examples: * chẽ: [tɕ ɛː˨ˀ˥] * đèn: [ɗ ɛː˨˨ n] * khỏe: [x w ɛː˨˩˨] * nghẹt: [ŋ ɛː˨˩]		ɔ Occurrences: 48 Examples: * xong: [s ɔ˨˨ ŋm] * phóng: [f ɔ˨˦ ŋm] * nhọc: [ɲ ɔ˨˩ kp] * mọng: [m ɔ˨˩ˀ ŋm] ɔː Occurrences: 117 Examples: * kho: [x ɔː˨˨] * món: [m ɔː˨˦ n] * nhỏ: [ɲ ɔː˨˩˨] * rót: [z ɔː˦˥ t̚]

Open		a Occurrences: 262 Examples: * tặng: [t a˨˩ˀ ŋ] * sẵn: [s a˨ˀ˥ n] * mày: [m a˨˨ j] * mãnh: [m a˨ˀ˥ ɲ] aː Occurrences: 520 Examples: * lạt: [l aː˨˩ t̚] * đãi: [ɗ aː˨ˀ˥ j] * cát: [k aː˦˥ t̚] * doạ: [z w aː˨˩ˀ]

Diphthongs#

iə
uə
ɨə

Tones#

˦˥
˨ˀ˥
˨˦
˨˨
˨˩
˨˩ˀ
˨˩˨